⶯ ((8' 3FQPSU۵ᔍ⫭ᅖḡᇥ᧝᮹ᵝ᫵⩥ᦩᨱš⦹ᩍᱶ₦᮹ႊ⨆ᖅᱶŝ ᝅ⩥ᨱࠥᬡᮥᵝŁᯱ ᩑǍ⻱᳑ᔍෝ☖⦽ᱶ₦ᱽᦩᯕӹᦥᯕॵᨕෝᱽ᜽ ⦹Łᯱ᯲ᖒࡽᯱഭ᯦ܩ݅ ⶯ ᅙᅕŁᕽ۵Ğʑᅖḡᰍ݉᮹Ŗ᜾ᱢᯙ᯦ᰆŝ݅ෝᙹᯩ᜖ܩ ݅ᅙᅕŁᕽ᮹ ԕᬊŝšಉ⦽᮹čᯕӹྙ᮹ᔍ⧎ᯕᯩᮝ᜽໕ᦥ௹ಽᩑ௞ᵝ᜽ʑၵ௮ܩ݅ 5FM'BY&NBJMEBSLWBMFO!OBWFSDPN

⶯ ((8' 3FQPSU۵ᔍ⫭ᅖḡᇥ᧝᮹ᵝ᫵⩥ᦩᨱš⦹ᩍᱶ₦᮹ႊ⨆ᖅᱶŝ ᝅ⩥ᨱࠥᬡᮥᵝŁᯱ ᩑǍ⻱᳑ᔍෝ☖⦽ᱶ₦ᱽᦩᯕӹᦥᯕॵᨕෝᱽ᜽ ⦹Łᯱ᯲ᖒࡽᯱഭ᯦ܩ݅ ⶯ ᅙᅕŁᕽ۵Ğʑᅖḡᰍ݉᮹Ŗ᜾ᱢᯙ᯦ᰆŝ݅ෝᙹᯩ᜖ܩ ݅ᅙᅕŁᕽ᮹ ԕᬊŝšಉ⦽᮹čᯕӹྙ᮹ᔍ⧎ᯕᯩᮝ᜽໕ᦥ௹ಽᩑ௞ᵝ᜽ʑၵ௮ܩ݅ 5FM'BY&NBJMEBSLWBMFO!OBWFSDPN

J᫵᧞ ᓦᷞ՚ં╊ת⃿ᵇ ᕮᶾᤊ▂↲ⵆӎὶં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲Ӫ ᶾ ў῾૖Ỳ၊⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞၊ᤒ♆ఆᶶἲഺ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↮ં லᅪᕲᤋ ⵆ؞Ỳⵢ↲⵷ఆᶶ૒. ὢᅪỲⵢᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં؞⁢὆῿ת᤟ᷞ՚Ḯં૚ᆚ↯῿`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮ ᆚ૮᢯὾ḮӮဖᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯ(᫊·՞, ጢⵊ஺ᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᢚጢ ᥺)Ӫ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆᷚ῿ת᤟ἲ☏ ⵊ૒. ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צ ྖἲ⹊ẗⵢᷞ՚ᅪ↲⵷ⵊ૒. ᷞ՚૮᢯↮ᷛἮல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊ં⃿᥺ல᫊ὦ ՚ᆚ, ૮ல᫊ὦᴶᢞ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊⫺⃪, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊⃪ᷚᅪᤎ ⵆ ᷮ૒. ῿ת᤟Ἦ⒙⇦, ᢚီӮᆚӮဖᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ె⇦, ⓶؞᢯ૢᏽϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊ ᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ӪӮဖఊ῿ת᤟Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵊ૒. ෾ⵊல᫊ኖ⸃(ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ኖ⸃), லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ(ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ᢚီӮᆚᅪૢ૧ⵆં⽚ᇋᓣ↮ ↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞), ॻ⓺↮ᷛ(⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞)၊՚ᕲⵊ૒. ᷞ՚ኖ⸃Ἦ2Ϯ↮ኖ⸃Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵆᷚ1ኖ⸃ᶾᤊંⷲᾚ↮ᷛᢚ⹺ࢢᶾὶં ጢⵊ஺ᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮૖Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃, 2ኖ⸃ἮQ-GIS ᅪ⹊ẗⵢϮᾓ╊૖ўᆚᅪᓢὢંኖ⸃ὢ૒. ὢᶾ὆ⵆቢ, ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆϮ`ᶢ↲૒ ં῾ ᶾᤊ⃪ Ꮺ῿ת᤟Ἦ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴંѱὢᢚ᫒ὢ૒. צ࿪ᶾலᕶ՚ ⵆӎ, ՚ᆚ᫊ḮЇἮ⃿᥺ல᫊὆ҫẞצ லϮ⡚↮ᴸᴲᤊ᫒ 150Ꮶ⤞  ல↯ᤎўᆚϮ↋૮ⵆӎᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊ૒.

J᫵᧞ ᓦᷞ՚ં╊ת⃿ᵇ ᕮᶾᤊ▂↲ⵆӎὶં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲Ӫ ᶾ ў῾૖Ỳ၊⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞၊ᤒ♆ఆᶶἲഺ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↮ં லᅪᕲᤋ ⵆ؞Ỳⵢ↲⵷ఆᶶ૒. ὢᅪỲⵢᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં؞⁢὆῿ת᤟ᷞ՚Ḯં૚ᆚ↯῿`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮ ᆚ૮᢯὾ḮӮဖᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯ(᫊·՞, ጢⵊ஺ᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᢚጢ ᥺)Ӫ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆᷚ῿ת᤟ἲ☏ ⵊ૒. ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צ ྖἲ⹊ẗⵢᷞ՚ᅪ↲⵷ⵊ૒. ᷞ՚૮᢯↮ᷛἮல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊ં⃿᥺ல᫊ὦ ՚ᆚ, ૮ல᫊ὦᴶᢞ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊⫺⃪, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊⃪ᷚᅪᤎ ⵆ ᷮ૒. ῿ת᤟Ἦ⒙⇦, ᢚီӮᆚӮဖᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ె⇦, ⓶؞᢯ૢᏽϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊ ᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ӪӮဖఊ῿ת᤟Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵊ૒. ෾ⵊல᫊ኖ⸃(ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ኖ⸃), லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ(ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ᢚီӮᆚᅪૢ૧ⵆં⽚ᇋᓣ↮ ↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞), ॻ⓺↮ᷛ(⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞)၊՚ᕲⵊ૒. ᷞ՚ኖ⸃Ἦ2Ϯ↮ኖ⸃Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵆᷚ1ኖ⸃ᶾᤊંⷲᾚ↮ᷛᢚ⹺ࢢᶾὶં ጢⵊ஺ᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮૖Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃, 2ኖ⸃ἮQ-GIS ᅪ⹊ẗⵢϮᾓ╊૖ўᆚᅪᓢὢંኖ⸃ὢ૒. ὢᶾ὆ⵆቢ, ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆϮ`ᶢ↲૒ ં῾ ᶾᤊ⃪ Ꮺ῿ת᤟Ἦ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴંѱὢᢚ᫒ὢ૒. צ࿪ᶾலᕶ՚ ⵆӎ, ՚ᆚ᫊ḮЇἮ⃿᥺ல᫊὆ҫẞצ லϮ⡚↮ᴸᴲᤊ᫒ 150Ꮶ⤞  ல↯ᤎўᆚϮ↋૮ⵆӎᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊ૒.

JJ ᐆቢ, ᴶᢞӪЇἮல᫊↮ᷛἮў῾ᤪ⤞὆ᨆᅪୂઆὢંᐗᴶ೟ἲӎဒ ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵆ૒. ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ ⤞Ϯ⸪ⵗఊኖ⸃ἲᤒ ⵎᨆᐄᶾᶴ૒. ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ⃪Ꮺ῿ת ᤟Ἦў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ኖాᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ὢ⡚ѺЊᤎఊ૒. ෾ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦᶢඒ↮ᷛἲў῾Ἢ၊ ᤒ ⵆ੾ࢾᶾഞཪ↯ᤎўᆚϮ⡚Ѻઆᶢࢆ↮ᴸંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢚૒. ᆶ↮ᆷ⃪᫊ᷚંॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦঀᴲ↮ંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢚૒. JJJ ࡧ ఙ Ɇ ছߨ 1. ᷞ՚ᐞҫᏽኗ` 1 2. ᷞ՚ᐗᒃ 4 3. ᷞ՚὆ⵊҲ 6 ɇ ଲߨୡՑഠ 1. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆ⷲ⹗ӪӪ  7 2. ῿ת᤟὆὆ᏦḮἎ⸃ 13 Ɉ ઴֜ডծ 1. ᕲᤋᐗᒃᏽᷞ՚὾Ⴚ 21 2. ᕲᤋኖ⸃ 23 ɉ ंজէր 1. Ὢᐆⷲ⹗ 25 2. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᶾഞᅦ῿ת᤟ᒮ⹂ 34 Ɋ էߨ Gఞճࢂෝ

JJ ᐆቢ, ᴶᢞӪЇἮல᫊↮ᷛἮў῾ᤪ⤞὆ᨆᅪୂઆὢંᐗᴶ೟ἲӎဒ ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵆ૒. ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ ⤞Ϯ⸪ⵗఊኖ⸃ἲᤒ ⵎᨆᐄᶾᶴ૒. ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ⃪Ꮺ῿ת ᤟Ἦў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ኖాᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ὢ⡚ѺЊᤎఊ૒. ෾ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦᶢඒ↮ᷛἲў῾Ἢ၊ ᤒ ⵆ੾ࢾᶾഞཪ↯ᤎўᆚϮ⡚Ѻઆᶢࢆ↮ᴸંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢚૒. ᆶ↮ᆷ⃪᫊ᷚંॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦঀᴲ↮ંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢚૒. JJJ ࡧ ఙ Ɇ ছߨ 1. ᷞ՚ᐞҫᏽኗ` 1 2. ᷞ՚ᐗᒃ 4 3. ᷞ՚὆ⵊҲ 6 ɇ ଲߨୡՑഠ 1. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆ⷲ⹗ӪӪ  7 2. ῿ת᤟὆὆ᏦḮἎ⸃ 13 Ɉ ઴֜ডծ 1. ᕲᤋᐗᒃᏽᷞ՚὾Ⴚ 21 2. ᕲᤋኖ⸃ 23 ɉ ंজէր 1. Ὢᐆⷲ⹗ 25 2. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᶾഞᅦ῿ת᤟ᒮ⹂ 34 Ɋ էߨ Gఞճࢂෝ

ⳑ ᕽು  ছߨ  ᩑǍ႑Ğၰ༊ᱢ  ٍĵѕą ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἢ၊⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ - ⃪Ꮺᣋ⹊↮Ế՛⒢Ҳ὆ⵊҲ(ᕲᶳ⹂, ♦ᆷὢ⵷ ), ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮↯ӣጢẾ ὆ήഞᅦ὾ᢢ೟὆ጦ ၊ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ᶾӮ᫚ὢ↋૮ⵢḒӎὶἺ. - ὢᅪỲⵢᢶ ᕮ▊ᒂὢ⺲⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂Ϯ▂↲ఆᶢḢ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆؞ᓦ◖↮ં⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᷚ⢮૮Ꮺᤊᘲ᪒ᶳጢં᫊· ՞·՚၊ὢӮⵆӎ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᓣ↮ᶳጢῲૢᕮᤊ၊ῲ⹆ⵆҎ૒ંѱὲ. ὢᅪỲⵢ ᕮᶾᤊં⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃, ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ኖ⸃ ᫊ - ὢ⃿ᶾᤊⷲᾚ2014ल6Ểغ↮؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲẞᤎ▂↲ⵆӎ, ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃Ἦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ⦣ⵢ⹃૮▂↲ⵆҎ૒ӎᐊⱊⵖ(ᢚ ⹺ᓢᾓỲẾ⹺4␖⹺὆ҞӪ). - צ࿚ࢆ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦⷲᾚ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ே؞ઓЃ⹂ᶾ↿⃿ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ ⷲᾚ὆♦ᆷὢ⵷ ጦ , ⦣ⵗ`ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὆ⵊҲ೟⃪Ꮺᣋ⹊↮Ế ՛⒢Ҳ὆ⵊҲᅪקᓣⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ.

ⳑ ᕽು  ছߨ  ᩑǍ႑Ğၰ༊ᱢ  ٍĵѕą ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἢ၊⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ - ⃪Ꮺᣋ⹊↮Ế՛⒢Ҳ὆ⵊҲ(ᕲᶳ⹂, ♦ᆷὢ⵷ ), ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮↯ӣጢẾ ὆ήഞᅦ὾ᢢ೟὆ጦ ၊ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ᶾӮ᫚ὢ↋૮ⵢḒӎὶἺ. - ὢᅪỲⵢᢶ ᕮ▊ᒂὢ⺲⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂Ϯ▂↲ఆᶢḢ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆؞ᓦ◖↮ં⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᷚ⢮૮Ꮺᤊᘲ᪒ᶳጢં᫊· ՞·՚၊ὢӮⵆӎ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᓣ↮ᶳጢῲૢᕮᤊ၊ῲ⹆ⵆҎ૒ંѱὲ. ὢᅪỲⵢ ᕮᶾᤊં⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃, ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ኖ⸃ ᫊ - ὢ⃿ᶾᤊⷲᾚ2014ल6Ểغ↮؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲẞᤎ▂↲ⵆӎ, ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃Ἦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ⦣ⵢ⹃૮▂↲ⵆҎ૒ӎᐊⱊⵖ(ᢚ ⹺ᓢᾓỲẾ⹺4␖⹺὆ҞӪ). - צ࿚ࢆ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦⷲᾚ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ே؞ઓЃ⹂ᶾ↿⃿ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ ⷲᾚ὆♦ᆷὢ⵷ ጦ , ⦣ⵗ`ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὆ⵊҲ೟⃪Ꮺᣋ⹊↮Ế ՛⒢Ҳ὆ⵊҲᅪקᓣⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ὢᶾ⃿ᵇ ᕮ὆ ␳ᐗⶓӪᇌጪဒᾓ؞`Ἢ၊ў῾⃿᫚὆ᓣ↮⵷  ᢚጢ᥺Ϯᤒ♆ఊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᶾ૮ⵊ`ק `ὦѮ⦎ϮⴲẂⵖ. צ࿚ࢆᕮᕲў῾⸃, ў῾⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃ӪЇὢⷲᾚ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ேᓢ૒⡞ў῾ ૖Ỳᶾᤊᓣ↮ᶳጢῲૢᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં⃪ Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊѮ ⦎Ϯῲ ఆᶢᵪⵖ. - ᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺᫊ᒂᢚᶳ, ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺᫊ᒂᢚᶳᶾᤊ⃿ẂⵆѺ↮`ఆ ᶶ୆ጦ Ϯᐂ၊⃪ Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢᶶἺ(Ѓ⸊׊, 1998; ᤟ἮᏦṦ, 2012). ᕲ ᥺Њाὢலέఆᶶآ⵶Ἢࢆ᫊·՞૧1Њ᥺ᤒ♆ఊᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺ંቢ` ὢँӎԾ⦣ὢᕶ⮦ⵊ↮ᷛ὆ҫẞጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᵆἺ. ὢᶾῲ ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ኖ⸃ἲᤒҲⵆંӪ ᶾᤊⵛ᢯ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆῿ת᤟ ጦ ં⃿ẂⵊⵢҞӪ ၊೟ᾓⵢṂἺ. ў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃὆ҫẞᶾலⷲᾚḮЇὢ↿ϮغẢ⃪Ꮺ ᤪ⤞ࢆቢᢚጢ᥺Ϯᴲશཪᷴ↮ᷛ὆⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ࢆቢᢚጢ᥺ᐗጦἲῲ  ၊ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ഺጦᶾў῾⃿᫚Ἢ၊ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪⶶᗺ⹂ⵎҫẞᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺᫊ᒂᢚ ᶳᶾᤊҫⷆ⵶ೝὢ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᴳ⹂ཪંᘲ⫾ἲᐉἲᷚ↮ϮঀἺ. ᫒  10ЊẢᷯఆ୆⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊ ▂↲ⵊ૒ӎⵎഺ, ጪᆚ`ὦ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↮ંѱἮ૧ᷞⵊὪὢཪⵎ ᨆὶἺ. צᆚӎ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ᫚ϯⵆѺ⻪᥾ఊ૒ቢὢ࿞ኖ⸃ἲ᫒ⷆ ⵆ؞ᶢဒẢѱὢᢚ᫒ὲ. - ഺጦᶾў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃ӪЇὢў῾૖Ỳ὆ᓣ↮ῲૢᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵊ ૒ંѱἮ⃿Ẃⵊ὆὆ᅪϮ↲૒ӎⵎഺ, Ӫ⃪ᷞᏪ῿ת᤟Ἦᶪᆶࢆ ࢜ᴲ↮ં↮, ᫚ϯⵊᨆ⃮ὦ↮೟ᶾ૮ⵊ῾Ѯὢᤎ⵷ఆᶢᵪⵖ. ⳑ ᕽು  צ࿚ࢆ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ἲ⒢Ҳ`Ἢ၊☏ ⵊᷞ՚ંў὆ᶴં᢯⹗ὲ. - Mckinlay(1971)Ἦ῿ת᤟ἲ↮ᆚ`῿ת᤟, ҫ `῿ת᤟, ᢚ⹺·᫚ᆚ` ῿ת᤟, ⁞↯ᏽῲ૚⒢Ҳ῿ת᤟Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵆӎὶἺ. ὢ࿚ⵊ῿ת᤟, ῿תϮઓ᤟ἮỲᶾᤊ ؞⵶ೝὢᷚ࿚Ϯ↮␖ẾἪ၊ᤒታఆ↮ᆺ, ⃪ ၊ӣϲ`῿ת᤟ᶾ↿⃿ఆᶢὶἺ. - ӣϲ`ὦ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᷞ՚ં⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008)Ϯ↮`ⵆӎὶೝὢ⢮ ᕲᵪᶾᤊ⃪၊⹊ẗఆᶢṂἺ. ᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊંᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾૮ᘲᤊ ᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ᶾ૮ⵢ⁞ᢚⵖ. ⸧Ἦᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺೟὆ῲ૚⒢Ҳ᢯῿ת᤟ ᶾ૮ⵢᤊં⃪Ꮺ೒ᶾѺӮဖ؞Ӯغ↮ὢேⵆં୞Ѧᆚં᫊ϲἲጩ ўࢆ⃪Ӯ`ὦ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊὦ᫋⸧Ἦᆺ லᅪ⃪၊↶ጦⵖ(ὢ᤟؞ Ṧ, 1995). - צ࿚ࢆ῿ת᤟ἲᤎ⵷ᷞ՚ḮЇὢ⁞ᢚⵎҫẞጪᆚ`ὦ῿ת᤟ἲ  ⹃ⵆѺ⫺ᴳⵆં୞ⵊҲϮὶἺ. ⅷὢேўᆚᶾ૮ⵊ↶ጦᶾ૮ⵢᓣ↮ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ં૮ᕮᕲ30ᕲᶾᤊ1᫊ϲ೟૮ྣ`ὦὢே᫊ϲἪ၊Ἷ ૣⵖ. ෾ⵊ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᆺ லં⃪Ӯ`ὦὦ᫋ὲ. ഺጦᶾЋӮ`ὦ ῿ת᤟ὢཪᓢ؞ᶢဒẮ. ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊў῾⃿᫚Ἢ၊⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ὢ᷶᢯ఆં᢯⹗ᶾᤊ ጪᆚ`ὦ⃪ Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᓢ૒ Ꮾⵊᷞ՚ϮⴲẂⵆ૒ӎⵎᨆὶἺ.  ٍĵЀۺ ᓦᷞ՚ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪᓣ↮૮᢯὾ў⃪↮Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ ῿ת᤟ἲ☏ . ෾ⵊἻ·ቢ·ே⃿⪧ Ἳ·ቢ·ேἲў῾Ἢ၊ᤒ ⵎҫẞ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢ῿ת᤟ἲ ☏ ⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ંᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾⃿ᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ᶾ↿⃿ⵖ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ὢᶾ⃿ᵇ ᕮ὆ ␳ᐗⶓӪᇌጪဒᾓ؞`Ἢ၊ў῾⃿᫚὆ᓣ↮⵷  ᢚጢ᥺Ϯᤒ♆ఊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᶾ૮ⵊ`ק `ὦѮ⦎ϮⴲẂⵖ. צ࿚ࢆᕮᕲў῾⸃, ў῾⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃ӪЇὢⷲᾚ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ேᓢ૒⡞ў῾ ૖Ỳᶾᤊᓣ↮ᶳጢῲૢᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં⃪ Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊѮ ⦎Ϯῲ ఆᶢᵪⵖ. - ᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺᫊ᒂᢚᶳ, ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺᫊ᒂᢚᶳᶾᤊ⃿ẂⵆѺ↮`ఆ ᶶ୆ጦ Ϯᐂ၊⃪ Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢᶶἺ(Ѓ⸊׊, 1998; ᤟ἮᏦṦ, 2012). ᕲ ᥺Њाὢலέఆᶶآ⵶Ἢࢆ᫊·՞૧1Њ᥺ᤒ♆ఊᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺ંቢ` ὢँӎԾ⦣ὢᕶ⮦ⵊ↮ᷛ὆ҫẞጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᵆἺ. ὢᶾῲ ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ኖ⸃ἲᤒҲⵆંӪ ᶾᤊⵛ᢯ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆῿ת᤟ ጦ ં⃿ẂⵊⵢҞӪ ၊೟ᾓⵢṂἺ. ў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃὆ҫẞᶾலⷲᾚḮЇὢ↿ϮغẢ⃪Ꮺ ᤪ⤞ࢆቢᢚጢ᥺Ϯᴲશཪᷴ↮ᷛ὆⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ࢆቢᢚጢ᥺ᐗጦἲῲ  ၊ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ഺጦᶾў῾⃿᫚Ἢ၊ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪⶶᗺ⹂ⵎҫẞᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺᫊ᒂᢚ ᶳᶾᤊҫⷆ⵶ೝὢ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᴳ⹂ཪંᘲ⫾ἲᐉἲᷚ↮ϮঀἺ. ᫒  10ЊẢᷯఆ୆⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊ ▂↲ⵊ૒ӎⵎഺ, ጪᆚ`ὦ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↮ંѱἮ૧ᷞⵊὪὢཪⵎ ᨆὶἺ. צᆚӎ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ᫚ϯⵆѺ⻪᥾ఊ૒ቢὢ࿞ኖ⸃ἲ᫒ⷆ ⵆ؞ᶢဒẢѱὢᢚ᫒ὲ. - ഺጦᶾў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃ӪЇὢў῾૖Ỳ὆ᓣ↮ῲૢᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵊ ૒ંѱἮ⃿Ẃⵊ὆὆ᅪϮ↲૒ӎⵎഺ, Ӫ⃪ᷞᏪ῿ת᤟Ἦᶪᆶࢆ ࢜ᴲ↮ં↮, ᫚ϯⵊᨆ⃮ὦ↮೟ᶾ૮ⵊ῾Ѯὢᤎ⵷ఆᶢᵪⵖ. ⳑ ᕽು  צ࿚ࢆ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ἲ⒢Ҳ`Ἢ၊☏ ⵊᷞ՚ંў὆ᶴં᢯⹗ὲ. - Mckinlay(1971)Ἦ῿ת᤟ἲ↮ᆚ`῿ת᤟, ҫ `῿ת᤟, ᢚ⹺·᫚ᆚ` ῿ת᤟, ⁞↯ᏽῲ૚⒢Ҳ῿ת᤟Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵆӎὶἺ. ὢ࿚ⵊ῿ת᤟, ῿תϮઓ᤟ἮỲᶾᤊ ؞⵶ೝὢᷚ࿚Ϯ↮␖ẾἪ၊ᤒታఆ↮ᆺ, ⃪ ၊ӣϲ`῿ת᤟ᶾ↿⃿ఆᶢὶἺ. - ӣϲ`ὦ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᷞ՚ં⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008)Ϯ↮`ⵆӎὶೝὢ⢮ ᕲᵪᶾᤊ⃪၊⹊ẗఆᶢṂἺ. ᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊંᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾૮ᘲᤊ ᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ᶾ૮ⵢ⁞ᢚⵖ. ⸧Ἦᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺೟὆ῲ૚⒢Ҳ᢯῿ת᤟ ᶾ૮ⵢᤊં⃪Ꮺ೒ᶾѺӮဖ؞Ӯغ↮ὢேⵆં୞Ѧᆚં᫊ϲἲጩ ўࢆ⃪Ӯ`ὦ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊὦ᫋⸧Ἦᆺ லᅪ⃪၊↶ጦⵖ(ὢ᤟؞ Ṧ, 1995). - צ࿚ࢆ῿ת᤟ἲᤎ⵷ᷞ՚ḮЇὢ⁞ᢚⵎҫẞጪᆚ`ὦ῿ת᤟ἲ  ⹃ⵆѺ⫺ᴳⵆં୞ⵊҲϮὶἺ. ⅷὢேўᆚᶾ૮ⵊ↶ጦᶾ૮ⵢᓣ↮ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ં૮ᕮᕲ30ᕲᶾᤊ1᫊ϲ೟૮ྣ`ὦὢே᫊ϲἪ၊Ἷ ૣⵖ. ෾ⵊ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᆺ லં⃪Ӯ`ὦὦ᫋ὲ. ഺጦᶾЋӮ`ὦ ῿ת᤟ὢཪᓢ؞ᶢဒẮ. ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊў῾⃿᫚Ἢ၊⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ὢ᷶᢯ఆં᢯⹗ᶾᤊ ጪᆚ`ὦ⃪ Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᓢ૒ Ꮾⵊᷞ՚ϮⴲẂⵆ૒ӎⵎᨆὶἺ.  ٍĵЀۺ ᓦᷞ՚ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪᓣ↮૮᢯὾ў⃪↮Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ ῿ת᤟ἲ☏ . ෾ⵊἻ·ቢ·ே⃿⪧ Ἳ·ቢ·ேἲў῾Ἢ၊ᤒ ⵎҫẞ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢ῿ת᤟ἲ ☏ ⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ંᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾⃿ᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ᶾ↿⃿ⵖ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ὢ೒ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ં૖ᨊⵊӣ`ὦᓣ↮׷ᷚើᆺᴲશཪ૒ᵿⵊᤊ ᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊᷞҲϮⴲẂⵊ૮᢯ὲ. ഺጦᶾὢ೒Ἦ؞⢮׷ᷚ૮᢯὾ᓢ૒ ᫊⒛ᏽἻ·ቢ·ேᶾ૮ⵊᐗጦ⺍ᨆϮঀἲᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. ὢᅪ⦣ⵢ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲὆᫒ⷲϮઓ᤟ӪὢᅪỲⵊӪ  ᫊ ᅪኗ`Ἢ၊ⵖ.  ᩑǍႊჶ  ٍĵѓѪ ᓦᷞ՚ંጦⶺᷞ՚Ḯ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᵿ`ᷞ՚ᅪⵖۆ↲⵷ⵖ. ጦⶺᷞ՚ંᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⒢Ҳ, ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᤎ⵷ᷞ՚ᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ ᢢ⮢ᓲ. ᵿ`ᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾ⅷἻ·ቢ·ேᏽў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ ᤪ⤞Ḯᓣ↮૮᢯὾ў⃪↮Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵖ. ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GISཪં Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ⳑ ᕽು   ٍĵʂԜ ҫ؞ல31Њ᫊·՞⃿ல᫊↮ᷛ2Њ᫊, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ1Њ᫊·՞, ॻ⓺↮ ᷛ1Њ᫊·՞ἲᤎ ⵆᷚᷞ՚ᅪ↲⵷ - 31Њ᫊·՞ῲ⒢ᅪ૮᢯Ἢ၊ᷞ՚ⵆં୞ὶᶢ὾Ⴚ῿ת᤟೟὆ⵊҲϮ ὶᶢትЊ↮ᷛᆺἲᤎ ⵆᷚᷞ՚ - ↮ᷛᤎ Ἦல᫊↮ᷛ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊↲⵷ⵖ. ૒ᅦ↮ᷛ ᫊ᷛᆶ␚Ϯ↮ὢ↮ᆺ, ல᫊↮ᷛ὆ҫẞ׊ኖᶾഞཪ␖ὢϮ⡚૒ં῾ ᶾᤊ૮ல᫊↮ᷛӪ⃿᥺ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊՚ᕲⵆ᫊ᷚ·՞ἲᤎ ⵖ. ᴶᢞ, ՚ᆚ, ⃪ᷚ, ⫺⃪ᅪᷞ՚૮᢯Ἢ၊ᤎ ⵖ. - ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊ંҫ؞லࢢ૮ல᫊↮ᷛ⃿ᴶᢞ, ⃿᥺ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊՚ᆚ ᅪᤎ ⵖ. ా᫊ંኖాҫ؞லல᫊↮ᷛ⃿ᘶӒ☣ὢᆼἮ૮ⱊ`ὦ ↮ᷛὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ(᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013). - ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊ં⃪᫊ᷚᅪᤎ ⵖ. ⃪᫊ᷚં⃪ᷚ՞ᶾᤊ╊ת᫊၊ᪧҗ ఊ↮ᷛὲ. Ϯ⮷ὢࢆᷞ⒊ὢᴲશཪ⃪᫊ᷚᅪᤎ ⵊὢἎંॻ⓺↮ᷛ ⃿ᶾᤊ᢯૮`Ἢ၊Ϯ՚ᨆϮᆼἮ↮ᷛἪ၊ॻ⓺↮ᷛ⃿᢯૮`Ἢ၊ ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮⴲẂⵊ↮ᷛὢ؞ഺጦὲ. - ᆶ↮ᆷலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ં⫺⃪᫊ᅪᤎ ⵖ. ⫺⃪᫊ંᘶӒ☣ὢᆼἲ ើᆺᴲશཪ␖᢯Ỳᾓᵎὦὢ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ᆼᴲᤊ(᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013) ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮⴲẂⵊ↮ᷛὲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ὢ೒ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ં૖ᨊⵊӣ`ὦᓣ↮׷ᷚើᆺᴲશཪ૒ᵿⵊᤊ ᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊᷞҲϮⴲẂⵊ૮᢯ὲ. ഺጦᶾὢ೒Ἦ؞⢮׷ᷚ૮᢯὾ᓢ૒ ᫊⒛ᏽἻ·ቢ·ேᶾ૮ⵊᐗጦ⺍ᨆϮঀἲᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. ὢᅪ⦣ⵢ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲὆᫒ⷲϮઓ᤟ӪὢᅪỲⵊӪ  ᫊ ᅪኗ`Ἢ၊ⵖ.  ᩑǍႊჶ  ٍĵѓѪ ᓦᷞ՚ંጦⶺᷞ՚Ḯ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᵿ`ᷞ՚ᅪⵖۆ↲⵷ⵖ. ጦⶺᷞ՚ંᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⒢Ҳ, ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᤎ⵷ᷞ՚ᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ ᢢ⮢ᓲ. ᵿ`ᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾ⅷἻ·ቢ·ேᏽў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ ᤪ⤞Ḯᓣ↮૮᢯὾ў⃪↮Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵖ. ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GISཪં Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ⳑ ᕽು   ٍĵʂԜ ҫ؞ல31Њ᫊·՞⃿ல᫊↮ᷛ2Њ᫊, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ1Њ᫊·՞, ॻ⓺↮ ᷛ1Њ᫊·՞ἲᤎ ⵆᷚᷞ՚ᅪ↲⵷ - 31Њ᫊·՞ῲ⒢ᅪ૮᢯Ἢ၊ᷞ՚ⵆં୞ὶᶢ὾Ⴚ῿ת᤟೟὆ⵊҲϮ ὶᶢትЊ↮ᷛᆺἲᤎ ⵆᷚᷞ՚ - ↮ᷛᤎ Ἦல᫊↮ᷛ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊↲⵷ⵖ. ૒ᅦ↮ᷛ ᫊ᷛᆶ␚Ϯ↮ὢ↮ᆺ, ல᫊↮ᷛ὆ҫẞ׊ኖᶾഞཪ␖ὢϮ⡚૒ં῾ ᶾᤊ૮ல᫊↮ᷛӪ⃿᥺ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊՚ᕲⵆ᫊ᷚ·՞ἲᤎ ⵖ. ᴶᢞ, ՚ᆚ, ⃪ᷚ, ⫺⃪ᅪᷞ՚૮᢯Ἢ၊ᤎ ⵖ. - ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊ંҫ؞லࢢ૮ல᫊↮ᷛ⃿ᴶᢞ, ⃿᥺ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊՚ᆚ ᅪᤎ ⵖ. ా᫊ંኖాҫ؞லல᫊↮ᷛ⃿ᘶӒ☣ὢᆼἮ૮ⱊ`ὦ ↮ᷛὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ(᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013). - ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊ં⃪᫊ᷚᅪᤎ ⵖ. ⃪᫊ᷚં⃪ᷚ՞ᶾᤊ╊ת᫊၊ᪧҗ ఊ↮ᷛὲ. Ϯ⮷ὢࢆᷞ⒊ὢᴲશཪ⃪᫊ᷚᅪᤎ ⵊὢἎંॻ⓺↮ᷛ ⃿ᶾᤊ᢯૮`Ἢ၊Ϯ՚ᨆϮᆼἮ↮ᷛἪ၊ॻ⓺↮ᷛ⃿᢯૮`Ἢ၊ ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮⴲẂⵊ↮ᷛὢ؞ഺጦὲ. - ᆶ↮ᆷலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ં⫺⃪᫊ᅪᤎ ⵖ. ⫺⃪᫊ંᘶӒ☣ὢᆼἲ ើᆺᴲશཪ␖᢯Ỳᾓᵎὦὢ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ᆼᴲᤊ(᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013) ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮⴲẂⵊ↮ᷛὲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ  ᩑǍ᮹⦽ĥ ᓦᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ḮἻ·ቢ·ேϲ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ ᫊၎`ὦᷞ՚ཪં୞὆὆ϮὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ⱻ᤟ⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵊ὾ႺᶾⵊҲϮὶᶢᴲ྆ᷞ՚ᕲᤋࢢẗἲὢ ⵢⵆં୞⃪὆ϮⴲẂⵖ. ⴗ ૮᢯὾ ᓢ὆ⵊҲ၊ᤊⷲᾚЊὦ ᓢ⹊ẗӪӮဖⵢ ᓢᶾ῿תⵆ ؞ᶢဒẢѱὢᢚ᫒ὲ. ᓦᷞ՚᫊ᷛ2012लᶾᨆ⵷ఊᤎ⵷ᷞ՚὆὾ Ⴚᶾ὆⁢ⵢᤊᷞ՚ᅪ↲⵷ⵖ. ὢᶾ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺⃪὆ҫẞ᢯૮` Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚϮ՚ᨆϮ50Ϯ՚ὢ᢯ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊὪ  ல὾Ⴚ὆ ЋӮ᤟ἲὪ  ல⹃ᓢⵎᨆὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ⃪ᷚં18Ϯ՚὆῿ת᤟ἲ ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ᢢ⮢ᓦ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ὾ႺᕲᤋᶾⵊҲϮὶἺ. ⴘ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ ⹃ⵆѺ⫺ᴳⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંᴲ྆ᤎ⵷ᷞ՚Ѯ⦎ᶾᤊ ல ؞ⵆҎ↮ᆺԾ⦣᢯⹗ἲᐆᷯⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ல᫊↮ᷛἮ᢯૮ `Ἢ၊૒ᵿⵊԾ⦣⮦ὢὶ↮ᆺ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮԾ⦣ᨆ૖☏ቢᶾᤊⵊҲ ϮὶἺ(⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010). ᫒ Ծ⦣ᨆ૖὆ᨆϮ ⵊఆᶢὶӎ, ␖ྷ ᐞ␖᫊ᷛآ⪧⇃ὢὶἺ. ෾ⵊ᫊·՞⃿᫚ᶾỲ♆ⵊἻ↮ᷛἲ⃿᫚ Ἢ၊Ծ⦣⮦ὢḒ⽶ဒୂᐊ૚ఆᶢὶᶢўᆚ᢯Ἢ၊ંᷴ὆ቢὢϮ غẦ↮ཪலԾ⦣᢯⹗ഺጦᶾ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ўᆚϮሪἻ↮ᷛᶾᓢ૒ᩫ Ѻ῿תⵎϮઓ᤟லὶἺ. צ࿚ࢆᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંԾ⦣⮦, ␖ྷᐞ␖೟ ӪӮဖఊ὾Ⴚᨆ↿ᶾⵊҲഺጦᶾԾ⦣᢯⹗غ↮ᐆᷯఊ῿ת᤟ἲᷞ ՚ⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. ὢં␖⺲⺲᥻ᷞ՚ᶾᤊ↲⵷ఎⴲẂϮ ὶἺ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  ଲߨୡՑഠ  ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵᮹⩥⫊ŝŝᱽ  ܳлՅࢢॴҵজۆˣۤѕą ᓣᾏⵊῲ૚⒢Ҳ᥻ᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒὆ᕲᢞ, Ἆᢚ·⃿ᓣ೟⓶྆ - ╊ת⼢ሪᤊᘲ᪒ẃ՚Ϯ׷җ⽶↋ϮⵆᷚᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮṦᶾலӎẗ०ே ᕮ, ᷚ᤟Ϯ ᕮ, ՛⦎ⵢᵿᕮ, ԾἏӪⵇ؞ᨎᕮ, ᴶῲ⵷ ᕮ೟┋17Њ ᕮ⒆ᶾᤊ292Њᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢᨆ⵷⃿ὲ. - ↮ᐗ὾♆૖⒢ᶾᤊலᵫ4ᆺЊ὆ᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢ↲⵷⃿ - ᕮ⒆ᒲ၊צᆚӎ↮὾⒢὆ᕮᤊᒲ၊ᕲᶳ⹂ᏽ♦ᆷὢ⵷ ഺጦᶾϯ ⁳׷ᷚᏽᤊᘲ᪒ϲᷞҲϮᕮ ⵖ. ὢંἎᢚⵊᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ, ෾ં ᤊᘲ᪒὆⃿ᓣὢࢆ৲ཫ೟ἲ⓶྆ⵆቢᤊ὾Ế὆࢛ᘲḮᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚ ὆ᘲ⺖἖᤟ὢཪંጦ Ϯ ؞ఖ. ૒ᵿⵊᓣ↮ᢚᶳῲ૚὆╊Ὢᤎ૖ỲὦἻ·ቢ·ே὆Ӫᕮⵆ၊ᓣ↮⒢Ͼல Ꮶ⽏ - ⃿ᵇᕮ⒆Ḯ↮὾⒢὆૒ᵿⵆӎ᢯૧ⵊᵿ὆ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ↿⵷ⵆં╊Ὢᤎ ૖ỲὦἻ·ቢ·ே὆ᶳጢӪᕮⵆ - Ἳ·ቢ·ேὢ◖ᵫҲ☣ᶾѺ᢯ૢὢࢆⷲᾓᐗጦ, Ὢ᢯`ኖશ⤞ᆯ, ␬ᴲϮં

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ  ᩑǍ᮹⦽ĥ ᓦᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ḮἻ·ቢ·ேϲ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ ᫊၎`ὦᷞ՚ཪં୞὆὆ϮὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ⱻ᤟ⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵊ὾ႺᶾⵊҲϮὶᶢᴲ྆ᷞ՚ᕲᤋࢢẗἲὢ ⵢⵆં୞⃪὆ϮⴲẂⵖ. ⴗ ૮᢯὾ ᓢ὆ⵊҲ၊ᤊⷲᾚЊὦ ᓢ⹊ẗӪӮဖⵢ ᓢᶾ῿תⵆ ؞ᶢဒẢѱὢᢚ᫒ὲ. ᓦᷞ՚᫊ᷛ2012लᶾᨆ⵷ఊᤎ⵷ᷞ՚὆὾ Ⴚᶾ὆⁢ⵢᤊᷞ՚ᅪ↲⵷ⵖ. ὢᶾ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺⃪὆ҫẞ᢯૮` Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚϮ՚ᨆϮ50Ϯ՚ὢ᢯ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊὪ  ல὾Ⴚ὆ ЋӮ᤟ἲὪ  ல⹃ᓢⵎᨆὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ⃪ᷚં18Ϯ՚὆῿ת᤟ἲ ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ᢢ⮢ᓦ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ὾ႺᕲᤋᶾⵊҲϮὶἺ. ⴘ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ ⹃ⵆѺ⫺ᴳⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંᴲ྆ᤎ⵷ᷞ՚Ѯ⦎ᶾᤊ ல ؞ⵆҎ↮ᆺԾ⦣᢯⹗ἲᐆᷯⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ல᫊↮ᷛἮ᢯૮ `Ἢ၊૒ᵿⵊԾ⦣⮦ὢὶ↮ᆺ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮԾ⦣ᨆ૖☏ቢᶾᤊⵊҲ ϮὶἺ(⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010). ᫒ Ծ⦣ᨆ૖὆ᨆϮ ⵊఆᶢὶӎ, ␖ྷ ᐞ␖᫊ᷛآ⪧⇃ὢὶἺ. ෾ⵊ᫊·՞⃿᫚ᶾỲ♆ⵊἻ↮ᷛἲ⃿᫚ Ἢ၊Ծ⦣⮦ὢḒ⽶ဒୂᐊ૚ఆᶢὶᶢўᆚ᢯Ἢ၊ંᷴ὆ቢὢϮ غẦ↮ཪலԾ⦣᢯⹗ഺጦᶾ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ўᆚϮሪἻ↮ᷛᶾᓢ૒ᩫ Ѻ῿תⵎϮઓ᤟லὶἺ. צ࿚ࢆᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંԾ⦣⮦, ␖ྷᐞ␖೟ ӪӮဖఊ὾Ⴚᨆ↿ᶾⵊҲഺጦᶾԾ⦣᢯⹗غ↮ᐆᷯఊ῿ת᤟ἲᷞ ՚ⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. ὢં␖⺲⺲᥻ᷞ՚ᶾᤊ↲⵷ఎⴲẂϮ ὶἺ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  ଲߨୡՑഠ  ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵᮹⩥⫊ŝŝᱽ  ܳлՅࢢॴҵজۆˣۤѕą ᓣᾏⵊῲ૚⒢Ҳ᥻ᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒὆ᕲᢞ, Ἆᢚ·⃿ᓣ೟⓶྆ - ╊ת⼢ሪᤊᘲ᪒ẃ՚Ϯ׷җ⽶↋ϮⵆᷚᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮṦᶾலӎẗ०ே ᕮ, ᷚ᤟Ϯ ᕮ, ՛⦎ⵢᵿᕮ, ԾἏӪⵇ؞ᨎᕮ, ᴶῲ⵷ ᕮ೟┋17Њ ᕮ⒆ᶾᤊ292Њᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢᨆ⵷⃿ὲ. - ↮ᐗ὾♆૖⒢ᶾᤊலᵫ4ᆺЊ὆ᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢ↲⵷⃿ - ᕮ⒆ᒲ၊צᆚӎ↮὾⒢὆ᕮᤊᒲ၊ᕲᶳ⹂ᏽ♦ᆷὢ⵷ ഺጦᶾϯ ⁳׷ᷚᏽᤊᘲ᪒ϲᷞҲϮᕮ ⵖ. ὢંἎᢚⵊᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ, ෾ં ᤊᘲ᪒὆⃿ᓣὢࢆ৲ཫ೟ἲ⓶྆ⵆቢᤊ὾Ế὆࢛ᘲḮᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚ ὆ᘲ⺖἖᤟ὢཪંጦ Ϯ ؞ఖ. ૒ᵿⵊᓣ↮ᢚᶳῲ૚὆╊Ὢᤎ૖ỲὦἻ·ቢ·ே὆Ӫᕮⵆ၊ᓣ↮⒢Ͼல Ꮶ⽏ - ⃿ᵇᕮ⒆Ḯ↮὾⒢὆૒ᵿⵆӎ᢯૧ⵊᵿ὆ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ↿⵷ⵆં╊Ὢᤎ ૖ỲὦἻ·ቢ·ே὆ᶳጢӪᕮⵆ - Ἳ·ቢ·ேὢ◖ᵫҲ☣ᶾѺ᢯ૢὢࢆⷲᾓᐗጦ, Ὢ᢯`ኖશ⤞ᆯ, ␬ᴲϮં

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᤊᘲ᪒↮Ế೟὆Ꮾ␗⸃ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞ઓὢᇒẞᶢဒẢ᢯⹗ - Ἳ·ቢ·ே὆؞ઓӪᕮⵆḮὦဓᕮ Ἢ၊ӣӣ὆ᓣ↮᷶ᢞ⨚έᶾᘲ ီⵆᷚ૒ᵿⵊᓣ↮ẃ՚ᅪЄં⃪Ꮺ೒὆ᓣ↮⒢Ͼலં᢯૧⽶࢜૒ ં↮`ὢ᢯૧ ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣӣᓣ↮ὦဓ὆ᶳጢϮ⃿Ӫ᥺↲ - ⃿ᵇᕮ⒆ᒲ, ↮὾⒢ᒲᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢӪ⃿ⵊᶳጢᕮૢἲ↋⯛᫊⢒ቢᤊ ᢯૧ⵊᶳጢ᪒⪦࿶᪒Ḯ᥺↲ἲᘶᑶ⽶ὪἪ⢒቞, ╊תᶾӣጢẾ὾ᢢ ೟὆ᢚ⹺ጦ غ↮ᵿᢞ - ⪧⽶ὪᤎἻ·ቢ·ே὆ӣӣᓣ↮ὦဓ὆ᶳጢϮ⃿Ӫ᥺↲ἮᏮ␗⸃ᓣ↮ ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶંᓣ↮⹆ҫᶾ♆ታ`ⵊҲ၊૒ϮḢ. ╊Ὢᤎῲ૚⒢Ҳ὆ᷛⵎЃ⹂ኖᢷὢ᫊׷ - ↮ᷛ૖Ỳᶾᤊ ӣఆં૒ᵿⵊᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὾Ếἲ⺖Ӫ`Ἢ၊ᷞҲ, ⁞  ⵆᷚᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚὆⺖἖⹂૚᤟  ܳлՅࢢॴҵজۆڮ঍ Њ⮦ኖ⸃Ἦல᫊⸃Ӫॻ⓺⸃Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵖ. - ல᫊⸃: ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃, ў῾⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃ ⴗ ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃1) : ᓣ↮᢯ૢЃ⹂(ᕲᵪ⹃૮), ᐗጦᤊᘲ᪒⹊᤟⹂ኖ⸃. ᤊ ૮ጦ՚ᨆ⃮Ἢ၊ᓣ↮, ӎẗ, ᓢѢ೟⁳ⵗ᢯ૢ, ᐗጦᤊᘲ᪒⹊᤟⹂, ᏪӮⷿဓ▂↲. ὢᅪỲⵢ7⒊ታὦဓ⹃▗, ᓣ↮ேᾓ , ᓣ↮ὦဓᐞ♆   ǎྕ᳑ᱶᝅⰑ ᅕÕᅖḡᇡa ֥ ᬵ ᯝᯱಽ ᅕࠥ⦽ Ⲳ฿∅⩶ ᅖḡᱥݍℕĥ Ǎ⇶ ႊᦩⲳ ԕᬊᮥ ᵲᝍ ᮝಽ ᱶญ Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  ⴘ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶   ᜽ⰑǑᨱ } ԕ᫙᮹ ǭᩎᖝ░ ᯙǍ อ໦ Ƚ༉  ᖅ⊹ ࠺ ᵝၝᖝ░۵ᝁℎ  ᱲᙹ  ᦩԕ॒ʑ܆ᅕv⩶᮹ᨦྕෝ⇵ḥ ǭᩎᖝ░ᨱᕽ ۵ ᔍಡšญᨦྕᙹ⧪ᮥ ݕݚ⧉ ⴙÑᱱ⩶ᯙǍอ໦ᯕᔢᮝಽ࠺ᵝၝᖝ░_}᮹ᅖḡᨦྕෝᱥݕ⦹۵Ñ ᱱ⩶ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹⩥ᰍ࠺ᵝၝᖝ░۵ᯝၹၝᬱ⧪ᱶ ᵝၝᯱ⊹ᨦྕෝə ݡಽᬕᩢ⦹Łᅖḡᨦྕ۵Ñᱱ⩶ᖝ░ಽᯕš ԕᇡ❡Ǎᖒᮡᅖḡᔢݕ❡  ᔍಡšญ❡  ḡᩎᅖḡḡᬱ❡॒ᅖḡ⨩ቭʑšᬕᩢᨱ⦥᫵⦽❡ᮥᖅ⊹⧉ ⴚ ⦣ⵗ⸃: ὦ՚4ᆺታὢ᢯Ἢ၊ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞2~3Њᅪ⦣ⵗⵢᓣ↮Ḯ Ὢᐆ⵷ ἲⵖۆᨆ⵷ⵆંኖ⸃. ࢢᕮ⫮՚᤟Ἦў῾⸃ӪἎᢚⵆѺ ᢯ૢ, ᢚီӮᆚ, ↮ᷛ὾ẾӮᆚ೟὆ᶳጢᨆ⵷. - ॻ⓺⸃: Ἳ·ቢ·ேἮ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ᨆ⃮Ἢ၊؞ઓ⹃૮. ቢἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ Ế૖᫊ᒂᢚᶳҞӪᅪ⮷Ϯⵆᷚ؞ઓ⁞ ᐗᴶᆶဖ. ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ ؞ઓЃ⹂ᅪỲⵢᢚီӮᆚᅪỲⵊպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ ▂↲Ὢ  - ல᫊⸃Ἦ2014ल6Ểغ↮؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲẞᤎ▂↲. ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮ ᕲў῾⸃Ἦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ⦣ⵢ⹃૮▂↲. ࢢὪ⵷ᓣ↮Ế૖, Ἳ·ቢ·ே⃪Ꮺ ὾♆⹺೟ⵖۆ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ▂↲ - ॻ⓺⸃: ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞᫊ᒂᢚᶳ↲⵷. ᓢѢ↮᥺ḮᓢѢ↲ Ⴚ᥺Ḯ὆ᷞҲЃ⹂ᅪ⦣ⵢ⦣ⵗᢚီӮᆚ▂↲ⵖ. - ᾓ؞`Ἢ၊ં⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖, ࢢὪ⵷ᓣ↮Ế૖ᶳጢϮў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ· ே૖Ỳᶾᤊᨆ⵷ఆல။▂↲ఎ᷶ ὲ.   ☖⧊⩶ŝ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶  Ñᱱ⩶ᨱ ݡ⦽ Ǎℕᱢᯙ ༉⩶ᨱ ݡ⧕ᕽ۵ ᅕÕᅖḡᇡ ॒ᮥ ☖⧕ ᱽ᜽ࡹḥ ᦫŁ ᯩ ᮭ šಉ⧕ v⩽Ƚ ᫙   ⷤḡႊᯱ⊹݉ℕ ᅖḡ ᱥݍℕĥ }⠙ႊᦩᩑǍⷥᨱ ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ ᔢᖙ⦹í ☖ ⧊⩶  Ñᱱ⩶  ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶ ༉⩶ᯕ ᖅ໦ࡹᨕ ᯩᮭ

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᤊᘲ᪒↮Ế೟὆Ꮾ␗⸃ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞ઓὢᇒẞᶢဒẢ᢯⹗ - Ἳ·ቢ·ே὆؞ઓӪᕮⵆḮὦဓᕮ Ἢ၊ӣӣ὆ᓣ↮᷶ᢞ⨚έᶾᘲ ီⵆᷚ૒ᵿⵊᓣ↮ẃ՚ᅪЄં⃪Ꮺ೒὆ᓣ↮⒢Ͼலં᢯૧⽶࢜૒ ં↮`ὢ᢯૧ ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣӣᓣ↮ὦဓ὆ᶳጢϮ⃿Ӫ᥺↲ - ⃿ᵇᕮ⒆ᒲ, ↮὾⒢ᒲᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢӪ⃿ⵊᶳጢᕮૢἲ↋⯛᫊⢒ቢᤊ ᢯૧ⵊᶳጢ᪒⪦࿶᪒Ḯ᥺↲ἲᘶᑶ⽶ὪἪ⢒቞, ╊תᶾӣጢẾ὾ᢢ ೟὆ᢚ⹺ጦ غ↮ᵿᢞ - ⪧⽶ὪᤎἻ·ቢ·ே὆ӣӣᓣ↮ὦဓ὆ᶳጢϮ⃿Ӫ᥺↲ἮᏮ␗⸃ᓣ↮ ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶંᓣ↮⹆ҫᶾ♆ታ`ⵊҲ၊૒ϮḢ. ╊Ὢᤎῲ૚⒢Ҳ὆ᷛⵎЃ⹂ኖᢷὢ᫊׷ - ↮ᷛ૖Ỳᶾᤊ ӣఆં૒ᵿⵊᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὾Ếἲ⺖Ӫ`Ἢ၊ᷞҲ, ⁞  ⵆᷚᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚὆⺖἖⹂૚᤟  ܳлՅࢢॴҵজۆڮ঍ Њ⮦ኖ⸃Ἦல᫊⸃Ӫॻ⓺⸃Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵖ. - ல᫊⸃: ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃, ў῾⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃ ⴗ ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃1) : ᓣ↮᢯ૢЃ⹂(ᕲᵪ⹃૮), ᐗጦᤊᘲ᪒⹊᤟⹂ኖ⸃. ᤊ ૮ጦ՚ᨆ⃮Ἢ၊ᓣ↮, ӎẗ, ᓢѢ೟⁳ⵗ᢯ૢ, ᐗጦᤊᘲ᪒⹊᤟⹂, ᏪӮⷿဓ▂↲. ὢᅪỲⵢ7⒊ታὦဓ⹃▗, ᓣ↮ேᾓ , ᓣ↮ὦဓᐞ♆   ǎྕ᳑ᱶᝅⰑ ᅕÕᅖḡᇡa ֥ ᬵ ᯝᯱಽ ᅕࠥ⦽ Ⲳ฿∅⩶ ᅖḡᱥݍℕĥ Ǎ⇶ ႊᦩⲳ ԕᬊᮥ ᵲᝍ ᮝಽ ᱶญ Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  ⴘ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶   ᜽ⰑǑᨱ } ԕ᫙᮹ ǭᩎᖝ░ ᯙǍ อ໦ Ƚ༉  ᖅ⊹ ࠺ ᵝၝᖝ░۵ᝁℎ  ᱲᙹ  ᦩԕ॒ʑ܆ᅕv⩶᮹ᨦྕෝ⇵ḥ ǭᩎᖝ░ᨱᕽ ۵ ᔍಡšญᨦྕᙹ⧪ᮥ ݕݚ⧉ ⴙÑᱱ⩶ᯙǍอ໦ᯕᔢᮝಽ࠺ᵝၝᖝ░_}᮹ᅖḡᨦྕෝᱥݕ⦹۵Ñ ᱱ⩶ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹⩥ᰍ࠺ᵝၝᖝ░۵ᯝၹၝᬱ⧪ᱶ ᵝၝᯱ⊹ᨦྕෝə ݡಽᬕᩢ⦹Łᅖḡᨦྕ۵Ñᱱ⩶ᖝ░ಽᯕš ԕᇡ❡Ǎᖒᮡᅖḡᔢݕ❡  ᔍಡšญ❡  ḡᩎᅖḡḡᬱ❡॒ᅖḡ⨩ቭʑšᬕᩢᨱ⦥᫵⦽❡ᮥᖅ⊹⧉ ⴚ ⦣ⵗ⸃: ὦ՚4ᆺታὢ᢯Ἢ၊ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞2~3Њᅪ⦣ⵗⵢᓣ↮Ḯ Ὢᐆ⵷ ἲⵖۆᨆ⵷ⵆંኖ⸃. ࢢᕮ⫮՚᤟Ἦў῾⸃ӪἎᢚⵆѺ ᢯ૢ, ᢚီӮᆚ, ↮ᷛ὾ẾӮᆚ೟὆ᶳጢᨆ⵷. - ॻ⓺⸃: Ἳ·ቢ·ேἮ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ᨆ⃮Ἢ၊؞ઓ⹃૮. ቢἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ Ế૖᫊ᒂᢚᶳҞӪᅪ⮷Ϯⵆᷚ؞ઓ⁞ ᐗᴶᆶဖ. ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ ؞ઓЃ⹂ᅪỲⵢᢚီӮᆚᅪỲⵊպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ ▂↲Ὢ  - ல᫊⸃Ἦ2014ल6Ểغ↮؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲẞᤎ▂↲. ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮ ᕲў῾⸃Ἦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ⦣ⵢ⹃૮▂↲. ࢢὪ⵷ᓣ↮Ế૖, Ἳ·ቢ·ே⃪Ꮺ ὾♆⹺೟ⵖۆ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ▂↲ - ॻ⓺⸃: ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞᫊ᒂᢚᶳ↲⵷. ᓢѢ↮᥺ḮᓢѢ↲ Ⴚ᥺Ḯ὆ᷞҲЃ⹂ᅪ⦣ⵢ⦣ⵗᢚီӮᆚ▂↲ⵖ. - ᾓ؞`Ἢ၊ં⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖, ࢢὪ⵷ᓣ↮Ế૖ᶳጢϮў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ· ே૖Ỳᶾᤊᨆ⵷ఆல။▂↲ఎ᷶ ὲ.   ☖⧊⩶ŝ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶  Ñᱱ⩶ᨱ ݡ⦽ Ǎℕᱢᯙ ༉⩶ᨱ ݡ⧕ᕽ۵ ᅕÕᅖḡᇡ ॒ᮥ ☖⧕ ᱽ᜽ࡹḥ ᦫŁ ᯩ ᮭ šಉ⧕ v⩽Ƚ ᫙   ⷤḡႊᯱ⊹݉ℕ ᅖḡ ᱥݍℕĥ }⠙ႊᦩᩑǍⷥᨱ ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ ᔢᖙ⦹í ☖ ⧊⩶  Ñᱱ⩶  ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶ ༉⩶ᯕ ᖅ໦ࡹᨕ ᯩᮭ

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ  ܳлՅࢢॴҵজ߸ݕۆۆۆٮॢć ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ંצኖ⸃ᶾഞཪ὆὆ḮⵊҲᶾ␖ὢϮὶἺ. ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦ╊Ὢᤎᤊᘲ᪒↿⵷⒢ҲὦἻ·ቢ·ேᶾ૮ⵆᷚ⁞↯Њ⮦ Ӫὦဓ▗Ếἲ؞ᐆἪ၊↮ᷛࢢ◖ᵫҲ☣ᶾ૮ⵊᐗጦ᢯ૢ, ␬ᴲϮ ંᤊᘲ᪒, ኖશ⤞ᆯ೟ⷲᾓᓣ↮὆؞ઓЃ⹂ⵆંᐗ᫋ὲ. - צ࿚ࢆ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᅪ▂↲ⵊ૒ӎ⮷ϮⵆآᶢဒẢኖ⸃ὲ. ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆ⵣ᫚Ἦᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪῲૢⵆંᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵆӎ, ὢᅪ⦣ⵢ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ᶾѺᓢ૒ῲጦ`Ἢ၊⦣ⵗ`ὦᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆંѱὲ. צ࿚ࢆ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦῲጦ᤟ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ᤟ἲЊᤎⵎᨆὶંࢢẗἲ⯚ ⵖⵆӎὶ↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖ỲᏪӮⷿဓ⒢՚᤟὆ᘲⷲ᫒᤟⁢ᾚ · ὾Ếὢ`Ἦ↮ᷛࢢᶾᤊἻ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳ၊ⷿ὆⒢՚᤟Ἦ᫒⺖᤟ὢ࢜Ἲ. · ӣӣ⃪லᏪӮⷿဓṦᶾலᏪϲ⃪லᏪӮⷿဓἲ ᫊ⵆᷮἪࢆᏪϲὢ ὢᅪ⃪லⵎҫẞὢᶾ૮ⵊὦᤪ⫞ᗺࢆ↮Ế லϮ՚⒢`ὢ↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶳጢ὆ῲጦ᤟⹃ᓢᶾ૮ⵊ՚⒢`ᐗᴶⴲẂⵖ. · Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳᶾᤊ⁳ⵗ`ὦᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶳጢϮὢზᶢ↶ഺ, ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶾ ૮ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᾓ὆Њὦ`ᷛྷὢࢆὦ᫋ᶾഞཪᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶳጢ↿⵷ὢ ᷯⶓἲᐉἲᨆὶἺ. · ᢚီӮᆚᅪ⯚ⵖⵆᷚᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶳጢᶾ૮ⵊ᩶⭪ᘲῲ೟ῲጦ`ᶳጢ Ϯὢზᶢ↶ᨆὶંᐗᴶⴲẂⵖ. · ⪧⽶, Ὢ὾ᆚḮᓣ↮὆ᷞҲᶳጢᅪⷲᾚḮЇἮ⸃⣊὆Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳ ၊ὢேఎҫẞ, Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳᶾᤊ૒ᵿⵊὪ὾ᆚḮᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᷞ Ҳ, ⁞ , ⦣ⵗ೟ἲᨆ⵷ⵎᨆὶં׊ኖ὆ҫ Ϯ⸃᤟ఆં↮῾Ѯ ⴲẂⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᏽ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ኖ⸃ - ኖ⸃᢯Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ాኖ⸃ኖా᫊·՞⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵆં⦣ ⵗᢚီӮᆚᅪў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓢ૒ં૖ỲϮ⡞պᷛᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚ ᅪᨆ⵷ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊேὪⵖ. - ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேἲ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἢ၊Њ⮦ⵆӎ, ᫊·՞ᶾ1Њᤒ♆ఊ⽚ᇋᓣ ↮↮Ế૖ἲպᷛ૖Ỳ၊ᤒ♆ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ૮᢯὾ᶾ૮ⵊᢚီӮᆚ῿ ת᤟ἮЊᤎఎѱἪ၊ᓢὲ. - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ӫᆶ␚Ϯ↮၊תᓦ`ὦῲ૚⒢Ҳ὆♦ᆷὢ⵷ ጦ ⵢҞ ၊ࢆᴲϮ↲ኩⵖ. ў῾⸃ᏽ⦣ⵗ⸃ - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ኖ⸃⃿ў῾⸃὆ҫẞ, ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪள὾`Ἢ၊ᨆ⵷ ⵆંῲૢ⁞↯ᤒ♆὆؞ᐆὢఎᨆὶἺ. ளᆫ`ᒲல⁞↯ἲ⦣ⵆᷚ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒὆ῲጦ᤟, ⦣ⵗ᤟, ⯚Ӳ᤟ἲ૚᤟ - ᓣ↮ᶳጢ὆ᾚ⦣ⵗὢϮઓⵢ↾. ⃪ⷲᏪᣋ⹊↮Ế՛⒢Ҳⵆᶾᤊᕲᶳ⹂ ఆᶶ୆᢯ૢ, ᢚီӮᆚ, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ೟὆ᶳጢᅪ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞૖Ỳᶾᤊᨆ⵷ ⦎။⁞ ⵖἪ၊᭖, ᓣ↮؞ઓ὆⦣ⵗ᤟Ӫ⺖἖᤟ἲኖᢷⵎᨆὶἺ. - ෾ⵊў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃὆ҫẞᷚ࿚⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊࢆ਎…Ảᷯఊᓣ↮ ᶳጢᅪ⦣ⵗⵢẢᷯⵆં׊ኖ὆ҫ Ϯ᫒ⷲ. ᢚီӮᆚ೟ᓢ૒⦣ⵗ` ὦᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὆ᷚ↮Ϯᷢᆪ. - צ࿚ࢆў῾⸃὆ҫẞὪᐆᏪẾӪᕲᆚఆᶢẢᷯఆંӪ ᶾᤊᤊᘲ ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ᕶ⮦ὢᐊᣋⵎᷚ↮ંὶἺ. - ў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃὆ேὪⵊⵊҲં෾ⵊጢᶵᓢ૒ў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ὢᨆ Ẃ὾⃿᫚὆ᇌ▒⸃ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶં؞⪮ὢఊ૒ӎⵆୂཪல ాኖ୦ኖా῿ת᤟☏ቢᶾᤊⵊҲᅪϮ↲૒ં῾ὢ૒.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ  ܳлՅࢢॴҵজ߸ݕۆۆۆٮॢć ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ંצኖ⸃ᶾഞཪ὆὆ḮⵊҲᶾ␖ὢϮὶἺ. ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦ╊Ὢᤎᤊᘲ᪒↿⵷⒢ҲὦἻ·ቢ·ேᶾ૮ⵆᷚ⁞↯Њ⮦ Ӫὦဓ▗Ếἲ؞ᐆἪ၊↮ᷛࢢ◖ᵫҲ☣ᶾ૮ⵊᐗጦ᢯ૢ, ␬ᴲϮ ંᤊᘲ᪒, ኖશ⤞ᆯ೟ⷲᾓᓣ↮὆؞ઓЃ⹂ⵆંᐗ᫋ὲ. - צ࿚ࢆ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᅪ▂↲ⵊ૒ӎ⮷ϮⵆآᶢဒẢኖ⸃ὲ. ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆ⵣ᫚Ἦᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪῲૢⵆંᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵆӎ, ὢᅪ⦣ⵢ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ᶾѺᓢ૒ῲጦ`Ἢ၊⦣ⵗ`ὦᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆંѱὲ. צ࿚ࢆ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦῲጦ᤟ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ᤟ἲЊᤎⵎᨆὶંࢢẗἲ⯚ ⵖⵆӎὶ↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖ỲᏪӮⷿဓ⒢՚᤟὆ᘲⷲ᫒᤟⁢ᾚ · ὾Ếὢ`Ἦ↮ᷛࢢᶾᤊἻ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳ၊ⷿ὆⒢՚᤟Ἦ᫒⺖᤟ὢ࢜Ἲ. · ӣӣ⃪லᏪӮⷿဓṦᶾலᏪϲ⃪லᏪӮⷿဓἲ ᫊ⵆᷮἪࢆᏪϲὢ ὢᅪ⃪லⵎҫẞὢᶾ૮ⵊὦᤪ⫞ᗺࢆ↮Ế லϮ՚⒢`ὢ↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶳጢ὆ῲጦ᤟⹃ᓢᶾ૮ⵊ՚⒢`ᐗᴶⴲẂⵖ. · Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳᶾᤊ⁳ⵗ`ὦᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶳጢϮὢზᶢ↶ഺ, ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶾ ૮ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᾓ὆Њὦ`ᷛྷὢࢆὦ᫋ᶾഞཪᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶳጢ↿⵷ὢ ᷯⶓἲᐉἲᨆὶἺ. · ᢚီӮᆚᅪ⯚ⵖⵆᷚᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᶳጢᶾ૮ⵊ᩶⭪ᘲῲ೟ῲጦ`ᶳጢ Ϯὢზᶢ↶ᨆὶંᐗᴶⴲẂⵖ. · ⪧⽶, Ὢ὾ᆚḮᓣ↮὆ᷞҲᶳጢᅪⷲᾚḮЇἮ⸃⣊὆Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳ ၊ὢேఎҫẞ, Ἳ·ቢ·ே૖Ỳᶾᤊ૒ᵿⵊὪ὾ᆚḮᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᷞ Ҳ, ⁞ , ⦣ⵗ೟ἲᨆ⵷ⵎᨆὶં׊ኖ὆ҫ Ϯ⸃᤟ఆં↮῾Ѯ ⴲẂⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᏽ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ኖ⸃ - ኖ⸃᢯Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ాኖ⸃ኖా᫊·՞⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵆં⦣ ⵗᢚီӮᆚᅪў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓢ૒ં૖ỲϮ⡞պᷛᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚ ᅪᨆ⵷ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊேὪⵖ. - ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேἲ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἢ၊Њ⮦ⵆӎ, ᫊·՞ᶾ1Њᤒ♆ఊ⽚ᇋᓣ ↮↮Ế૖ἲպᷛ૖Ỳ၊ᤒ♆ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ૮᢯὾ᶾ૮ⵊᢚီӮᆚ῿ ת᤟ἮЊᤎఎѱἪ၊ᓢὲ. - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ӫᆶ␚Ϯ↮၊תᓦ`ὦῲ૚⒢Ҳ὆♦ᆷὢ⵷ ጦ ⵢҞ ၊ࢆᴲϮ↲ኩⵖ. ў῾⸃ᏽ⦣ⵗ⸃ - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ኖ⸃⃿ў῾⸃὆ҫẞ, ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪள὾`Ἢ၊ᨆ⵷ ⵆંῲૢ⁞↯ᤒ♆὆؞ᐆὢఎᨆὶἺ. ளᆫ`ᒲல⁞↯ἲ⦣ⵆᷚ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒὆ῲጦ᤟, ⦣ⵗ᤟, ⯚Ӳ᤟ἲ૚᤟ - ᓣ↮ᶳጢ὆ᾚ⦣ⵗὢϮઓⵢ↾. ⃪ⷲᏪᣋ⹊↮Ế՛⒢Ҳⵆᶾᤊᕲᶳ⹂ ఆᶶ୆᢯ૢ, ᢚီӮᆚ, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ೟὆ᶳጢᅪ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞૖Ỳᶾᤊᨆ⵷ ⦎။⁞ ⵖἪ၊᭖, ᓣ↮؞ઓ὆⦣ⵗ᤟Ӫ⺖἖᤟ἲኖᢷⵎᨆὶἺ. - ෾ⵊў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃὆ҫẞᷚ࿚⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊࢆ਎…Ảᷯఊᓣ↮ ᶳጢᅪ⦣ⵗⵢẢᷯⵆં׊ኖ὆ҫ Ϯ᫒ⷲ. ᢚီӮᆚ೟ᓢ૒⦣ⵗ` ὦᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὆ᷚ↮Ϯᷢᆪ. - צ࿚ࢆў῾⸃὆ҫẞὪᐆᏪẾӪᕲᆚఆᶢẢᷯఆંӪ ᶾᤊᤊᘲ ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ᕶ⮦ὢᐊᣋⵎᷚ↮ંὶἺ. - ў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃὆ேὪⵊⵊҲં෾ⵊጢᶵᓢ૒ў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ὢᨆ Ẃ὾⃿᫚὆ᇌ▒⸃ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶં؞⪮ὢఊ૒ӎⵆୂཪல ాኖ୦ኖా῿ת᤟☏ቢᶾᤊⵊҲᅪϮ↲૒ં῾ὢ૒.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ · ேὪⵊல᫊↮ᷛὢཪⵆୂཪலᤊẦ Ṧⵊҫ؞லࢢல᫊↮ᷛἮ ᫊⃿᫚ᕮંல᫊`⪧᤟ἲ↮શӎὶୂཪல᫊Ṧӫὢࢆ՚᫊Ϯ ↮ંॻ⓺↮ᷛ὆⪧᤟ἲ↮શӎὶἺ. ᷶ᅪ೒ᶢ, ૮ⱊ`ὦல᫊↮ ᷛὢཪⵎᨆὶંᨆẾ, ᴶᢞ, ᤟࢖᫊ᷛέᕯே, ⓶↮ே, ӎ೟ே ೟὆↮ᷛ὆ҫẞ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ቢ`Ἦँӎ, ↮ᷛᶾഞཪὦ՚Ꮾ↿ லல࢜Ἲ. · ഺጦᶾὦ՚׊ኖᅪӎဒⵢே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃Ἢ၊ ῲ⹆ⵎҫẞ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴંѱὢⷲ᫒ὲ.  ąşʪܳлՅࢢॴҵজ߸ݕę܁قԴêࢹʼرآॣԐ२ ᵌᤊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆ᾓ῾ᏽⵊҲᅪᢢ⮢ᓢᵆἺ. - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃὆ҫẞ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ཪ؞ᓢ૒ંⷲᾚ՚⁞ᶾᤊἻ·ቢ·ே ὆ᷛⵎЃ⹂ᨆ⃮ᶾצ♆ӎὶἺ. ὢᶾתᓦ`ὦῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ጦ ᅪ ⵢҞⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. - ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ᶾѺ⦣ⵗ`ᤊᘲ᪒὆؞⪮ἲᆶဖⵊ૒ં ῾ᶾᤊў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ὢ⃿Ẃⵖ. ὢᅪỲⵢᤊંҫ؞லࢢᶾᤊў῾ ⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᶾ૮ⵊ` ק`ὦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ▂↲ὢⴲẂⵖ. צ࿚ ࢆὢᶾ૮ⵊ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ↲⵷ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં῿ת᤟ὢᶪᆶࢆࢆᙎ↮ ં↮, צ லϮᶪᆶὦ↮ЋӮ`Ἢ၊☏ ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ὢᶾᴲ ྆ᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊ՚⒢`ὦЊा, ☏ ᐗᒃᶾ૮ⵢᢢ⮢ᓢӎ, ὢᅪתў၊ҫ؞லࢢ4Њ᫊·՞὆ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ ὆῿ת᤟ᒮ⹂ᅪᢢ⮢ᓢல။ⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁   ᱲɝᖒ᮹᮹ၙ᪡ᮁ⩶  ۿŖՁۆۆۆٮÒȝ ῲ૚⒢Ҳᶾᤊ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃿ẂⵊẂὦ⃿ⵆࢆὲ. - ῿ת᤟ὢঀ૒ંѱἮᤊᘲ᪒ᅪⴲẂ၊ⵆંᢚེ೒ὢᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ⹊ẗ ⵆં୞ᾓᵎϮᶴ૒ંѱἲ὆Ꮶⵖ(خᷯ⁳, 2005). - ᤊᘲ᪒὆⁢ᾚᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎὢே᫊ϲ, ᘲẗ, ૮؞᫊ϲ೟὆Ẃ᥺ഺ ጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ᅪὢẗⵆ↮ኩⵆѺఆંὪὢᶴல။ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊலᤊᘲ ᪒ῲ૚⒢Ҳ὆՚᤟ᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ὢ⃿ẂⵊẂὦὲ(லἎ။, 2012; ╊ᷯ, 2010). - ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ⹆ҫὢᫎ᥻ⵆӎ␬ᴲϮંᤊᘲ᪒ᅪẂ՚ⵆቢᤊ ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟Ἦᢚ⹺ᓣ↮⁞↯὆ҫᾯဓ὆⃿ẂⵊẂ᥺၊Ỳ♆ఖ. - ῿ת᤟Ἦᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ὢẗ↋Ϯ(ᐟⵇᷯ ἒᏪᤋ, 2008), ᵿ↶὆ᤊ ᘲ᪒ᅪὢẗϮઓⵊᘲẗἪ၊↮᥻`ὢӎᴶ `Ἢ၊ ӣⵆᷚᤊᘲ᪒ ẃ՚ⵢҞὢཪં ␳ኗⱊ૚᤟ἲ⓷↲ⵖ(OECD, 2006; ὢᾚḲ ⶶᤎ, 2000). ῿ת᤟὆Њा - ῿ת᤟ὢ཮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⒢Ҳ၊὆↲έӪᤊᘲ᪒὆ҞӪᅪ⯚ⵖⵆં⯛ ँӎ૒␖Ế`ὦ⃪ ὲ. - Andersen & Newman(1973)὆ኖ୦ὢᤊᘲ᪒῿תἲ⮷ϮⵆંϮᾓ؞ ᓦ`ኖ୦ὲ. ῿תἲ‘⹆὾Ϯ὆Ⴚᤊᘲ᪒⒢Ҳ၊↲έⵆᷚ♆ႺӪ  ἲ↮᥻`Ἢ၊ ӣᐉં᢯⣊’၊ ὆, ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὆⪧᤟ἲ᥺ὦ, ⓷ ↲, ẃ՚ẂὦἪ၊՚ᕲⵆӎ, ὢഺ⓷↲Ẃὦ⃿ⵆࢆ၊ў⃪↮ᷛἲ

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ · ேὪⵊல᫊↮ᷛὢཪⵆୂཪலᤊẦ Ṧⵊҫ؞லࢢல᫊↮ᷛἮ ᫊⃿᫚ᕮંல᫊`⪧᤟ἲ↮શӎὶୂཪல᫊Ṧӫὢࢆ՚᫊Ϯ ↮ંॻ⓺↮ᷛ὆⪧᤟ἲ↮શӎὶἺ. ᷶ᅪ೒ᶢ, ૮ⱊ`ὦல᫊↮ ᷛὢཪⵎᨆὶંᨆẾ, ᴶᢞ, ᤟࢖᫊ᷛέᕯே, ⓶↮ே, ӎ೟ே ೟὆↮ᷛ὆ҫẞ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ቢ`Ἦँӎ, ↮ᷛᶾഞཪὦ՚Ꮾ↿ லல࢜Ἲ. · ഺጦᶾὦ՚׊ኖᅪӎဒⵢே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃Ἢ၊ ῲ⹆ⵎҫẞ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴંѱὢⷲ᫒ὲ.  ąşʪܳлՅࢢॴҵজ߸ݕę܁قԴêࢹʼرآॣԐ२ ᵌᤊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆ᾓ῾ᏽⵊҲᅪᢢ⮢ᓢᵆἺ. - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃὆ҫẞ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ཪ؞ᓢ૒ંⷲᾚ՚⁞ᶾᤊἻ·ቢ·ே ὆ᷛⵎЃ⹂ᨆ⃮ᶾצ♆ӎὶἺ. ὢᶾתᓦ`ὦῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ጦ ᅪ ⵢҞⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. - ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ᶾѺ⦣ⵗ`ᤊᘲ᪒὆؞⪮ἲᆶဖⵊ૒ં ῾ᶾᤊў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ὢ⃿Ẃⵖ. ὢᅪỲⵢᤊંҫ؞லࢢᶾᤊў῾ ⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᶾ૮ⵊ` ק`ὦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ▂↲ὢⴲẂⵖ. צ࿚ ࢆὢᶾ૮ⵊ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ↲⵷ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં῿ת᤟ὢᶪᆶࢆࢆᙎ↮ ં↮, צ லϮᶪᆶὦ↮ЋӮ`Ἢ၊☏ ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ὢᶾᴲ ྆ᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊ՚⒢`ὦЊा, ☏ ᐗᒃᶾ૮ⵢᢢ⮢ᓢӎ, ὢᅪתў၊ҫ؞லࢢ4Њ᫊·՞὆ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ ὆῿ת᤟ᒮ⹂ᅪᢢ⮢ᓢல။ⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁   ᱲɝᖒ᮹᮹ၙ᪡ᮁ⩶  ۿŖՁۆۆۆٮÒȝ ῲ૚⒢Ҳᶾᤊ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃿ẂⵊẂὦ⃿ⵆࢆὲ. - ῿ת᤟ὢঀ૒ંѱἮᤊᘲ᪒ᅪⴲẂ၊ⵆંᢚེ೒ὢᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ⹊ẗ ⵆં୞ᾓᵎϮᶴ૒ંѱἲ὆Ꮶⵖ(خᷯ⁳, 2005). - ᤊᘲ᪒὆⁢ᾚᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎὢே᫊ϲ, ᘲẗ, ૮؞᫊ϲ೟὆Ẃ᥺ഺ ጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ᅪὢẗⵆ↮ኩⵆѺఆંὪὢᶴல။ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊலᤊᘲ ᪒ῲ૚⒢Ҳ὆՚᤟ᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ὢ⃿ẂⵊẂὦὲ(லἎ။, 2012; ╊ᷯ, 2010). - ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ⹆ҫὢᫎ᥻ⵆӎ␬ᴲϮંᤊᘲ᪒ᅪẂ՚ⵆቢᤊ ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟Ἦᢚ⹺ᓣ↮⁞↯὆ҫᾯဓ὆⃿ẂⵊẂ᥺၊Ỳ♆ఖ. - ῿ת᤟Ἦᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ὢẗ↋Ϯ(ᐟⵇᷯ ἒᏪᤋ, 2008), ᵿ↶὆ᤊ ᘲ᪒ᅪὢẗϮઓⵊᘲẗἪ၊↮᥻`ὢӎᴶ `Ἢ၊ ӣⵆᷚᤊᘲ᪒ ẃ՚ⵢҞὢཪં ␳ኗⱊ૚᤟ἲ⓷↲ⵖ(OECD, 2006; ὢᾚḲ ⶶᤎ, 2000). ῿ת᤟὆Њा - ῿ת᤟ὢ཮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⒢Ҳ၊὆↲έӪᤊᘲ᪒὆ҞӪᅪ⯚ⵖⵆં⯛ ँӎ૒␖Ế`ὦ⃪ ὲ. - Andersen & Newman(1973)὆ኖ୦ὢᤊᘲ᪒῿תἲ⮷ϮⵆંϮᾓ؞ ᓦ`ኖ୦ὲ. ῿תἲ‘⹆὾Ϯ὆Ⴚᤊᘲ᪒⒢Ҳ၊↲έⵆᷚ♆ႺӪ  ἲ↮᥻`Ἢ၊ ӣᐉં᢯⣊’၊ ὆, ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὆⪧᤟ἲ᥺ὦ, ⓷ ↲, ẃ՚ẂὦἪ၊՚ᕲⵆӎ, ὢഺ⓷↲Ẃὦ⃿ⵆࢆ၊ў⃪↮ᷛἲ

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ  ᫊ⵖ. Ὢᐆ`Ἢ၊ல᫊↮ᷛ὆ὢẗ὾೒Ἦॻ⓺ᓢ૒ᘲԾ`὆Ⴚᏽ ᢚ⹺ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪୂᆼὢὢẗⵊ૒ӎᐋ⾆. - خᷯ⁳(2010)Ἦ῿ת᤟ἲ“⁞↯ὢ`ῶⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ`ῶⵊᢚེ೒ᶾѺ  ӣⵆંѱ”Ἢ၊ ὆ⵖ. ෾ⵊBaker(2003, ╊ᷯ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ)ં῿ת᤟ ἲ“`ⵗⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ⹻ೋⵆ؞Ỳⵊ` ⵗⵊ؞⹺ᅪ ӣⵆંѱ”Ἢ၊  ὆ⵖ. - ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ἲᓢᾓⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯὢ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦ᶾ ╊`὆῿ת᤟ἲᓢᾓⵆંᾓ᥺ᶾỲ♆ⵆӎ⮦ᆚⵊ᫊ϲᶾẢᷯఆ቞ `ῶⵊᨆ⃮὆᷶ᵫ૮؞὾Ἆ↮, ⵗᆚ`ὢẗႺ, ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦ᶾѺ⮦ᴶ ⵖἲ ӣⵆં᫊ᤒ ␳೟ὢⴲẂⵖ(Baker, 2003, ╊ᷯ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). - Ѻὢ☎(Gates)ંᤊᘲ᪒ᅪⴲẂ၊ⵆંᢚེ೒ᶾѺᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵊ ጪᆚ` ᢚ⹺ ᫚ᆚ` ᾓᵎẂὦἲ  ўⵆં ѱἪ၊  ὆(⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008, ᾚὦẗ)ⵖ. ෾ⵊ⺖Ӫ`ὦᢚ⹺ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣἲỲⵊῲ૚Ế♇Ἢ၊ ⯚Ӳ᤟, ῿ת᤟, ᷞҲ᤟, ⦣ⵗ᤟, ␳ὲ᤟ ᫊ⵖ. ὢ⃿ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟὆ ᾓᵎẂὦἪ၊ંᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ ᓢҞᷚࢆᕮ , ↮ᆚ`ᾓᵎ(Ếўᆚ ෾ંԾ⦣ᕶ⮦), ᫚ᆚ`ᾓᵎ(ాဒẮ, ᨆ♆᫚), ᤎ ῶ␖὆ᾓᵎ(὾ᢞ⁞ ᢚ὆ᶲҗ᤟, ᫊ϲ᥺ᘲ), ὾Ếᕮ (ᾚ ᕮ ) ೟ἲ ᫊ⵆ؞லⵖ.  ۿŖՁۆڮ঍ęėÂۺۿŖՁ ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃪၊ᓢѢ὆Ⴚᕲᵪᶾᤊ ὆ఆӎᷞ՚Ϯ↲⵷ఆᶢḢ. ῿ת᤟὆Ἆ⸃ - McKinlay(1971)ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵊ῿תᐗ᫋ἲҫ `῿ת, ᢚ⹺ ὦ՚ⵇ`῿ת, ↮ᆚⵇ`῿ת, ᫚ᆚⵇ`῿ת, ᢚ⹺ጦ⹂`῿ת, ⁞↯ ᏽῲ૚⒢ҲᶾӮⵊ῿ת೟6Ϯ↮၊Ẃᵫ Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  - ὢᅪᐂ⣃Ἢ၊خጦת(2005)Ἦ῿ת᤟ἲ૒ἺӪЇὢ ᆚⵖ. ↮ᆚ`῿ת᤟- ᤊᘲ᪒᫊ᤒὢࢆᤒᘲ, ᤊᘲ᪒ὦဓᨆḮᕲ⯚, ૮⃿ Ծ⦣ὢẗϮઓ᤟, Ծ⦣ᘲẗᏽὢே᫊ϲ೟ἲӎဒ ҫ `῿ת᤟- ᤊᘲ᪒ᘲẗ, ὢẗ὾὆᥺ೋᨆ⃮೟ἲӎဒ ᢚ⹺ ᫚ᆚ`῿ת᤟- ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾഞᅦᢚ⹺`ࢇὦӪ᫚ᆚ` ᕶ⮦Ͼ೟ἲӎဒ ⁞↯ᏽῲ૚⒢Ҳ῿ת᤟- ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗἲỲⵊ὾җẂѢ, ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ ⒛ῶ␖, ὆ல`ὦ૮᢯὾ᤎᒲ೟ἲӎဒ - GillespieḮMarten(1978)὆ᷞ՚: ↮ᆚ`῿ת, ҫ `῿ת, ᢚ⹺ⵇ` ῿ת, ⁞↯ὢ၎῿תἪ၊ᕲᅆ - PenchanskyḮThomas(1981)὆ᷞ՚: `ⵗ᤟Њा`ẗⵆӎ, ┋5Њ὆ ⵆỲᒂ⃪ᅪ ᫊ⵖ. 5Ϯ↮῿ת᤟὆ⵆỲ␖ẾἮᤊ၊᢯⸦ᐞ⢮`ὢ ↮ᴸӎ᢯⸦὿ẗⵖ. ᷶ᅪ೒ᶢ, ᤊᘲ᪒὆ᕶ׎೟ⵊ↮ᆚ`ᕲ⯚, ⅷ ὢẗϮઓ᤟὆ጦ ંⴲᷞ`Ἢ၊؞Ӯغ↮὆ўᆚࢆԾ⦣ጦ , ⅷ῿ תϮઓ᤟὆ጦ ḮலᷞҞ ὢẗϮઓ᤟(availability) : ⁢ᾚⵆંᤊᘲ᪒὆⁳ᅆḮᵿᏽ὾Ế, ⅷ ӣ׷☏ቢӪὢẗ὾὆ⴲẂ὆⁳ᅆḮᵿ, ⅷᨆẂ☏ቢᢚὢ὆ӮҲ, ⅷᤊᘲ᪒὆⁢ᾚᷚᕮᅪ὆Ꮶ ῿תϮઓ᤟(accessibility) : ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷Ỳ♆Ḯὢẗ὾὆Ỳ♆ᢚὢ὆ ӮҲ, ⅷᤊᘲ᪒὆ӣϲ`⸧Ἦ᫊ϲ`ת῿᤟Ἢ၊ὢேўᆚ, ὢே ᫊ϲ, ὢẗᘲẗ೟ὢӮဖ ὢẗ⮦὆᤟(accommodation) : ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾Ế὆⁞↯ᐗ᫋Ӫὢᅪ ⮦ᆚⵆѺὢẗⵎᨆὶંὢẗ὾὆ઓဓᏽ`ⵗ᤟ὦ᫋ϲ὆ӮҲ, ૮؞᫊ϲ, ؞Ӯ὆Ả᫊ᷯϲ, ῲ⹂ᤊᘲ᪒ᷚᕮ೟ἲ☏  ↮ᕶϮઓ᤟(affordability) : ᤊᘲ᪒὆ϮҗӪὢẗ὾὆↮ᕶઓဓ, ᥺ ೋ, ᓢⷆ೟ϲ὆ӮҲᅪ὆Ꮶⵆ቞, ᥺ೋ, ὆Ⴚᓢⷆ, ᤊᘲ᪒Ϯҗ೟ Ἢ၊☏ 

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ  ᫊ⵖ. Ὢᐆ`Ἢ၊ல᫊↮ᷛ὆ὢẗ὾೒Ἦॻ⓺ᓢ૒ᘲԾ`὆Ⴚᏽ ᢚ⹺ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪୂᆼὢὢẗⵊ૒ӎᐋ⾆. - خᷯ⁳(2010)Ἦ῿ת᤟ἲ“⁞↯ὢ`ῶⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ`ῶⵊᢚེ೒ᶾѺ  ӣⵆંѱ”Ἢ၊ ὆ⵖ. ෾ⵊBaker(2003, ╊ᷯ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ)ં῿ת᤟ ἲ“`ⵗⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ⹻ೋⵆ؞Ỳⵊ` ⵗⵊ؞⹺ᅪ ӣⵆંѱ”Ἢ၊  ὆ⵖ. - ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ἲᓢᾓⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯὢ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦ᶾ ╊`὆῿ת᤟ἲᓢᾓⵆંᾓ᥺ᶾỲ♆ⵆӎ⮦ᆚⵊ᫊ϲᶾẢᷯఆ቞ `ῶⵊᨆ⃮὆᷶ᵫ૮؞὾Ἆ↮, ⵗᆚ`ὢẗႺ, ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦ᶾѺ⮦ᴶ ⵖἲ ӣⵆં᫊ᤒ ␳೟ὢⴲẂⵖ(Baker, 2003, ╊ᷯ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). - Ѻὢ☎(Gates)ંᤊᘲ᪒ᅪⴲẂ၊ⵆંᢚེ೒ᶾѺᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵊ ጪᆚ` ᢚ⹺ ᫚ᆚ` ᾓᵎẂὦἲ  ўⵆં ѱἪ၊  ὆(⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008, ᾚὦẗ)ⵖ. ෾ⵊ⺖Ӫ`ὦᢚ⹺ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣἲỲⵊῲ૚Ế♇Ἢ၊ ⯚Ӳ᤟, ῿ת᤟, ᷞҲ᤟, ⦣ⵗ᤟, ␳ὲ᤟ ᫊ⵖ. ὢ⃿ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟὆ ᾓᵎẂὦἪ၊ંᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ ᓢҞᷚࢆᕮ , ↮ᆚ`ᾓᵎ(Ếўᆚ ෾ંԾ⦣ᕶ⮦), ᫚ᆚ`ᾓᵎ(ాဒẮ, ᨆ♆᫚), ᤎ ῶ␖὆ᾓᵎ(὾ᢞ⁞ ᢚ὆ᶲҗ᤟, ᫊ϲ᥺ᘲ), ὾Ếᕮ (ᾚ ᕮ ) ೟ἲ ᫊ⵆ؞லⵖ.  ۿŖՁۆڮ঍ęėÂۺۿŖՁ ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃪၊ᓢѢ὆Ⴚᕲᵪᶾᤊ ὆ఆӎᷞ՚Ϯ↲⵷ఆᶢḢ. ῿ת᤟὆Ἆ⸃ - McKinlay(1971)ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵊ῿תᐗ᫋ἲҫ `῿ת, ᢚ⹺ ὦ՚ⵇ`῿ת, ↮ᆚⵇ`῿ת, ᫚ᆚⵇ`῿ת, ᢚ⹺ጦ⹂`῿ת, ⁞↯ ᏽῲ૚⒢ҲᶾӮⵊ῿ת೟6Ϯ↮၊Ẃᵫ Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  - ὢᅪᐂ⣃Ἢ၊خጦת(2005)Ἦ῿ת᤟ἲ૒ἺӪЇὢ ᆚⵖ. ↮ᆚ`῿ת᤟- ᤊᘲ᪒᫊ᤒὢࢆᤒᘲ, ᤊᘲ᪒ὦဓᨆḮᕲ⯚, ૮⃿ Ծ⦣ὢẗϮઓ᤟, Ծ⦣ᘲẗᏽὢே᫊ϲ೟ἲӎဒ ҫ `῿ת᤟- ᤊᘲ᪒ᘲẗ, ὢẗ὾὆᥺ೋᨆ⃮೟ἲӎဒ ᢚ⹺ ᫚ᆚ`῿ת᤟- ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾഞᅦᢚ⹺`ࢇὦӪ᫚ᆚ` ᕶ⮦Ͼ೟ἲӎဒ ⁞↯ᏽῲ૚⒢Ҳ῿ת᤟- ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗἲỲⵊ὾җẂѢ, ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ ⒛ῶ␖, ὆ல`ὦ૮᢯὾ᤎᒲ೟ἲӎဒ - GillespieḮMarten(1978)὆ᷞ՚: ↮ᆚ`῿ת, ҫ `῿ת, ᢚ⹺ⵇ` ῿ת, ⁞↯ὢ၎῿תἪ၊ᕲᅆ - PenchanskyḮThomas(1981)὆ᷞ՚: `ⵗ᤟Њा`ẗⵆӎ, ┋5Њ὆ ⵆỲᒂ⃪ᅪ ᫊ⵖ. 5Ϯ↮῿ת᤟὆ⵆỲ␖ẾἮᤊ၊᢯⸦ᐞ⢮`ὢ ↮ᴸӎ᢯⸦὿ẗⵖ. ᷶ᅪ೒ᶢ, ᤊᘲ᪒὆ᕶ׎೟ⵊ↮ᆚ`ᕲ⯚, ⅷ ὢẗϮઓ᤟὆ጦ ંⴲᷞ`Ἢ၊؞Ӯغ↮὆ўᆚࢆԾ⦣ጦ , ⅷ῿ תϮઓ᤟὆ጦ ḮலᷞҞ ὢẗϮઓ᤟(availability) : ⁢ᾚⵆંᤊᘲ᪒὆⁳ᅆḮᵿᏽ὾Ế, ⅷ ӣ׷☏ቢӪὢẗ὾὆ⴲẂ὆⁳ᅆḮᵿ, ⅷᨆẂ☏ቢᢚὢ὆ӮҲ, ⅷᤊᘲ᪒὆⁢ᾚᷚᕮᅪ὆Ꮶ ῿תϮઓ᤟(accessibility) : ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷Ỳ♆Ḯὢẗ὾὆Ỳ♆ᢚὢ὆ ӮҲ, ⅷᤊᘲ᪒὆ӣϲ`⸧Ἦ᫊ϲ`ת῿᤟Ἢ၊ὢேўᆚ, ὢே ᫊ϲ, ὢẗᘲẗ೟ὢӮဖ ὢẗ⮦὆᤟(accommodation) : ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾Ế὆⁞↯ᐗ᫋Ӫὢᅪ ⮦ᆚⵆѺὢẗⵎᨆὶંὢẗ὾὆ઓဓᏽ`ⵗ᤟ὦ᫋ϲ὆ӮҲ, ૮؞᫊ϲ, ؞Ӯ὆Ả᫊ᷯϲ, ῲ⹂ᤊᘲ᪒ᷚᕮ೟ἲ☏  ↮ᕶϮઓ᤟(affordability) : ᤊᘲ᪒὆ϮҗӪὢẗ὾὆↮ᕶઓဓ, ᥺ ೋ, ᓢⷆ೟ϲ὆ӮҲᅪ὆Ꮶⵆ቞, ᥺ೋ, ὆Ⴚᓢⷆ, ᤊᘲ᪒Ϯҗ೟ Ἢ၊☏ 

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᢯⸦ᨆẗ᤟(acceptability) : ὢẗ὾὆ӣ׷὾ᶾ૮ⵊ⣊லḮ᫒ ӣ׷ ὾὆⪧᤟ᢚὢ὆ӮҲ⸧Ἦӣ׷὾὆ὢẗ὾⪧᤟ᶾ૮ⵊ⣊ல, ⅷ ὢẗ὾὆⣊ல, ؞૮, ᢚ⹺ጦ⹂`ᐞҫӪӣ׷὾὆⪧᤟೟ἲӎဒ - Salsberg & Forte(2002) : ῿תϮઓ᤟, ὢẗϮઓ᤟, ↮ᕶϮઓ᤟, ᨆẗϮઓ ᤟, `ἿϮઓ᤟Ἢ၊՚ᕲ. ὢ⃿῿תϮઓ᤟ӪὢẗϮઓ᤟ἮኖాỲ ♆(location)ḮӮဖఊЊा, ῿תϮઓ᤟ : ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ḯ ᤊᘲ᪒ ↮῾ ᢚὢ὆ ὢேᾓᵎ(travel impediment)ᅪ὆ᏦⵆંѱἪ၊ўᆚࢆὢே᫊ϲἲ૖Ỳ၊☏ , ጪ ᆚ`ўᆚᅪ؞⓶၊ⵊ⮷ቢ`ⷲ᢯ ὢẗϮઓ᤟: צ↮ᷛᶾᤊ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ϯᤎ⣋ⵎᨆὶંᤊᘲ᪒ᨆ ᅪ὆Ꮶ, ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὆⹃ᓢᶾ⓶῾ - ӣϲ῿ת᤟(spatial accessibility) : ῿ת᤟ӪὢẗϮઓ᤟ὢ⁞⹂ఊЊाὲ (Luo, Wang & Douglass, 2004, ⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008, ᾚὦẗ). · ૒ᵿⵊ῿ת᤟␖Ế⃿ጪᆚ`ўᆚᶾ؞ᐆⵢӣϲ`⸃⮷᤟ӪᷞҞ ⵆંӣϲ`῿ת᤟ᷞ՚Ϯ⹊ᐊⵖ. · ῿ת᤟ἲϮᾓ૖ᨊⵆѺંⵊỲ♆ᶾᤊ૒ᅦⵊỲ♆၊὆ὢேẗὢ ᤟ἲ὆ᏦⵆંѱṦᶾ, ؞⹺὆ᾎᾚဓ, ⅷ⃪ᶢ↲Ỳ♆ᶾᤊὪ ⵊ ўᆚࢢᶾ⯚ⵖఆં؞⹺೒὆⡚؞ᅪ὆Ꮶⵆ؞லⵖ. ഞཪᤊ῿ת᤟Ἦ ኗ`↮غ↮ὢே὆ẗὢ᤟Ӫኗ`↮ᶾᤊὢẗϮઓⵊ⹊ே὆ᵿὢࢆ ↶, ⪧᤟ἲ⯚ⵖⵆંЊाὲ(Johnson et al., 2000; Hansen, 1959; O'Kelly & Horner, 2003, Handey & Niemeier, 1997, ⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). - ὢ࿵ೝ╊תᶾંӣӣᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊ४὆Ϯᤊᘲ᪒ᐞᕲӪӮ ဖఊӣϲ`⸃⮷᤟὆ὢ᩶ḮᷞҞఆᶢ↲⵷ఆቢᤊ↲⵷ఖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁   ۿŖՁۆࠑ܁ ӣϲ`῿ת᤟४὆ંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾غ↮὆ўᆚ(distance)Ϯᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ὾ᶾѺᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᫊Ἆ὆Ꮶⵊᾓᵎ၊὿ẗⵎᨆὶ૒ંጦ ᥻ᶾᤊ ▊ᐊⵖ(Hunter et al., 1986. ⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). ૮૒ᨆ὆῿ת᤟ᷞ՚ં↮ᆚ`, ⅷጪᆚ`ὦўᆚᅪӎဒⵖ. - ὢṦᶾὢே᫊ϲ೟ἲӎဒⵆ᫊ᷚϲўᆚᅪⵖۆ☏ ⵆ؞லⵖ. ᆼἮ ᓢѢᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᷞ՚೒ᶾᤊં૮᢯↮ᷛὢல᫊೎ॻ⓺ὢ೎ ⦣⵷ᨆ૖ᶾ૮ⵊӎဒᶴὢἎ⡢ᆚೊўᆚᅪᢚẗⵆўࢆԾ⦣ᇋᶾ؞ ⓶ⵊўᆚ⸧Ἦ᥺Ẃ᫊ϲ೟ἲᢚẗⵖ(⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010). - ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮᫊ᤒἲ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ӣϲ῿ת᤟ἲᷞ՚ⵊҫẞўᆚḮ᫊ϲўᆚ ၊☏ (⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008)ⵖ. ўᆚ☏ ᐗᒃἲὢẗⵆᷮἲҫẞᷯἎᴲᏽ ᴲே⒛᥺लӪᾓᵎὦ὆ӣϲ῿ת᤟ὢϮᾓ࢜Ἲ. ᫊ϲўᆚ☏ ᐗᒃὢ ẗ᫊ӣϲ῿ת᤟ὢϮᾓ࢜Ἦ૮᢯Ἦ०ὦὲ. ῲ⒢`Ἢ၊૮ல᫊὆ӣ ϲ῿ת᤟ὢঀἺ. ӣϲ`῿ת᤟☏ ᐗᒃἮᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ὲ. - Guagliado(2004)὆ᷞ՚ᶾ὆ⵆቢ, ῿ת᤟Ἦўᆚ؞ᐆ, ᢯⸦὿ẗ؞ᐆ, ৲`؞⹺؞ᐆ, ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆἪ၊☏ ఖ. ўᆚ؞ᐆ῿ת᤟: ϮᾓϮغẢᤊᘲ᪒᫊ᤒغ↮὆ўᆚ(↯ᤎўᆚ, ல၊ўᆚ, ⦣⵷᫊ϲ೟)ᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊☏ . ᢯⸦὿ẗ؞ᐆ῿ת᤟: ⃪ᒮᶾᤊὢẗϮઓⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᨆ⃮☏ ⵖ. ৲`؞⹺؞ᐆ῿ת᤟: ϯᨆẂ↮ᒲ၊ᤒ ఊὲҲўᆚࢢᶾᤊ  ӣఆંᤊᘲ᪒὆┋ྷἲ⹊ẗ. ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆ῿ת᤟: ϯ᤮ᶾὪ ⵊ⢾ᢷᐆҫἲᤒ ⵊ⺲ὢᶾ ⯚ⵖఆંኖ೎ӣ׷ྷἲὢẗⵆᷚⵢ૧↮῾ᶾᤊ὆ᏮலҲᢞⵖ. ὢ

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᢯⸦ᨆẗ᤟(acceptability) : ὢẗ὾὆ӣ׷὾ᶾ૮ⵊ⣊லḮ᫒ ӣ׷ ὾὆⪧᤟ᢚὢ὆ӮҲ⸧Ἦӣ׷὾὆ὢẗ὾⪧᤟ᶾ૮ⵊ⣊ல, ⅷ ὢẗ὾὆⣊ல, ؞૮, ᢚ⹺ጦ⹂`ᐞҫӪӣ׷὾὆⪧᤟೟ἲӎဒ - Salsberg & Forte(2002) : ῿תϮઓ᤟, ὢẗϮઓ᤟, ↮ᕶϮઓ᤟, ᨆẗϮઓ ᤟, `ἿϮઓ᤟Ἢ၊՚ᕲ. ὢ⃿῿תϮઓ᤟ӪὢẗϮઓ᤟ἮኖాỲ ♆(location)ḮӮဖఊЊा, ῿תϮઓ᤟ : ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ḯ ᤊᘲ᪒ ↮῾ ᢚὢ὆ ὢேᾓᵎ(travel impediment)ᅪ὆ᏦⵆંѱἪ၊ўᆚࢆὢே᫊ϲἲ૖Ỳ၊☏ , ጪ ᆚ`ўᆚᅪ؞⓶၊ⵊ⮷ቢ`ⷲ᢯ ὢẗϮઓ᤟: צ↮ᷛᶾᤊ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ϯᤎ⣋ⵎᨆὶંᤊᘲ᪒ᨆ ᅪ὆Ꮶ, ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὆⹃ᓢᶾ⓶῾ - ӣϲ῿ת᤟(spatial accessibility) : ῿ת᤟ӪὢẗϮઓ᤟ὢ⁞⹂ఊЊाὲ (Luo, Wang & Douglass, 2004, ⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008, ᾚὦẗ). · ૒ᵿⵊ῿ת᤟␖Ế⃿ጪᆚ`ўᆚᶾ؞ᐆⵢӣϲ`⸃⮷᤟ӪᷞҞ ⵆંӣϲ`῿ת᤟ᷞ՚Ϯ⹊ᐊⵖ. · ῿ת᤟ἲϮᾓ૖ᨊⵆѺંⵊỲ♆ᶾᤊ૒ᅦⵊỲ♆၊὆ὢேẗὢ ᤟ἲ὆ᏦⵆંѱṦᶾ, ؞⹺὆ᾎᾚဓ, ⅷ⃪ᶢ↲Ỳ♆ᶾᤊὪ ⵊ ўᆚࢢᶾ⯚ⵖఆં؞⹺೒὆⡚؞ᅪ὆Ꮶⵆ؞லⵖ. ഞཪᤊ῿ת᤟Ἦ ኗ`↮غ↮ὢே὆ẗὢ᤟Ӫኗ`↮ᶾᤊὢẗϮઓⵊ⹊ே὆ᵿὢࢆ ↶, ⪧᤟ἲ⯚ⵖⵆંЊाὲ(Johnson et al., 2000; Hansen, 1959; O'Kelly & Horner, 2003, Handey & Niemeier, 1997, ⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). - ὢ࿵ೝ╊תᶾંӣӣᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊ४὆Ϯᤊᘲ᪒ᐞᕲӪӮ ဖఊӣϲ`⸃⮷᤟὆ὢ᩶ḮᷞҞఆᶢ↲⵷ఆቢᤊ↲⵷ఖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁   ۿŖՁۆࠑ܁ ӣϲ`῿ת᤟४὆ંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾غ↮὆ўᆚ(distance)Ϯᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ὾ᶾѺᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᫊Ἆ὆Ꮶⵊᾓᵎ၊὿ẗⵎᨆὶ૒ંጦ ᥻ᶾᤊ ▊ᐊⵖ(Hunter et al., 1986. ⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). ૮૒ᨆ὆῿ת᤟ᷞ՚ં↮ᆚ`, ⅷጪᆚ`ὦўᆚᅪӎဒⵖ. - ὢṦᶾὢே᫊ϲ೟ἲӎဒⵆ᫊ᷚϲўᆚᅪⵖۆ☏ ⵆ؞லⵖ. ᆼἮ ᓢѢᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ᶾ૮ⵊᷞ՚೒ᶾᤊં૮᢯↮ᷛὢல᫊೎ॻ⓺ὢ೎ ⦣⵷ᨆ૖ᶾ૮ⵊӎဒᶴὢἎ⡢ᆚೊўᆚᅪᢚẗⵆўࢆԾ⦣ᇋᶾ؞ ⓶ⵊўᆚ⸧Ἦ᥺Ẃ᫊ϲ೟ἲᢚẗⵖ(⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010). - ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮᫊ᤒἲ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ӣϲ῿ת᤟ἲᷞ՚ⵊҫẞўᆚḮ᫊ϲўᆚ ၊☏ (⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008)ⵖ. ўᆚ☏ ᐗᒃἲὢẗⵆᷮἲҫẞᷯἎᴲᏽ ᴲே⒛᥺लӪᾓᵎὦ὆ӣϲ῿ת᤟ὢϮᾓ࢜Ἲ. ᫊ϲўᆚ☏ ᐗᒃὢ ẗ᫊ӣϲ῿ת᤟ὢϮᾓ࢜Ἦ૮᢯Ἦ०ὦὲ. ῲ⒢`Ἢ၊૮ல᫊὆ӣ ϲ῿ת᤟ὢঀἺ. ӣϲ`῿ת᤟☏ ᐗᒃἮᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ὲ. - Guagliado(2004)὆ᷞ՚ᶾ὆ⵆቢ, ῿ת᤟Ἦўᆚ؞ᐆ, ᢯⸦὿ẗ؞ᐆ, ৲`؞⹺؞ᐆ, ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆἪ၊☏ ఖ. ўᆚ؞ᐆ῿ת᤟: ϮᾓϮغẢᤊᘲ᪒᫊ᤒغ↮὆ўᆚ(↯ᤎўᆚ, ல၊ўᆚ, ⦣⵷᫊ϲ೟)ᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊☏ . ᢯⸦὿ẗ؞ᐆ῿ת᤟: ⃪ᒮᶾᤊὢẗϮઓⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᨆ⃮☏ ⵖ. ৲`؞⹺؞ᐆ῿ת᤟: ϯᨆẂ↮ᒲ၊ᤒ ఊὲҲўᆚࢢᶾᤊ  ӣఆંᤊᘲ᪒὆┋ྷἲ⹊ẗ. ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆ῿ת᤟: ϯ᤮ᶾὪ ⵊ⢾ᢷᐆҫἲᤒ ⵊ⺲ὢᶾ ⯚ⵖఆંኖ೎ӣ׷ྷἲὢẗⵆᷚⵢ૧↮῾ᶾᤊ὆ᏮலҲᢞⵖ. ὢ

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ࿚ⵊӣ׷ᏮலЀἲⵢ૧Ỳ♆ᶾᤊ὆ὦ՚Ꮾல၊ࢆ৲ᶢ῿ת᤟ ↮ᨆᢞ▊. - ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008) ᫊ᷛ؞⁢ᷞ՚ᅪѮ⦎ⵆቢᤊጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ἲ☏ ⵆં 4Ϯ↮ᐗᒃἲ ᫊ⵖ. ὦ՚↿૖૮ᘲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾὆ᘲ἖: ᵌᤊ὆⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆ῿ת᤟ ӪἎᢚⵢὪ ⵊ↮ᷛᶾ ӣఆંᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷ⷲ᢯⫺ᴳⵢ☏  ⵖ. צ࿚ࢆӣϲ῿ת᤟ᶾᤊ؞ᐆὢఆંўᆚᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮᕮ ⵖ. ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾ᶾ૮ⵊўᆚ: ϮᾓϮغẢ ӣ὾ᶾ૮ⵊўᆚᅪ☏  ⵆўࢆ ӣ὾ᤦ⪦Ḯ὆ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. ⃿ဓኖ୦: ⵗᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↮઺ὦ՚↿૖Ӫᤊᘲ᪒↮῾ϲ὆ᾎᾚ `ӣϲ᢯⸦὿ẗἲ☏ ⵆંѱὲ. ῿ת᤟ἲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾Ḯ὆ў ᆚ၊؞⃮ἲᢪ؞ഺጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾ᨆϮ↋Ϯⵆቢ῿ת᤟↋Ϯ ᅪேᐆⵖ.  ٍ҆ĵۆۿŖՁ ᵌᤊ῿ת᤟ӪӮဖఊᷞ՚ᅪѮ⦎ⵊҞӪӣϲ῿ת᤟Ἦጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ ӪὢẗϮઓ᤟ὢ⁞ⵗఊЊाὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ὢ⃿ᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં ⃪၊ጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ᶾ؞⓶ⵢᤊᷞ՚ᅪ↲⵷ⵖ. - ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008)Ϯ↮`⵶ೝὢᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯῿☏ ⵊ ᷞ՚ંў὆␬ᴲᓪᨆᶴં᢯⹗ὲ. - ӣӣᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾ંᒃ`ὦ׊ ⵆᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵊ૒ં῾ ᶾᤊኖ೎ᢚེ೒ᶾѺὢẗϮઓ᤟ὢ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⸃⮷ⵖ. ὢᶾጪᆚ` ὦўᆚϮ᫒ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾὶᶢ␖ὢ၊ᷞҞఊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊጪᆚ` ῿ת᤟ᶾ↿⃿ⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  ෾ⵊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ἲ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃἮᤎ⵷ᷞ՚ᶾᤊѮ ⦎ⵎᨆὶೝὢᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ὲ. ὢ⃿ᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ᶾϮᾓ`ⵗⵊᐗᒃἮ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯῿☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - ὢᏦὦ՚૮ᘲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾ᘲ἖ἲ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὢࢆ⃿ဓኖ୦೟Ἦ૒ᵿ ⵊᐗᒃἪ၊ᕲᤋఆᶢṂἺ. ഺጦᶾᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊў὆⹊ẗఆ↮ᴸἮ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯῿☏ ⵆல။ⵖ. ጢᶵᓢ૒ᓦᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆↯῿`ὦў⃪↮ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊ૒ં ῾ᶾᤊጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆં୞ᾓ῾ὢὶἺ. - ጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ἲᷞ՚ⵎഺᵌᤊ὆૒ᵿⵊᷞ՚ᐗᒃ၎ᶾ ᫊ఆંὢ Ἆં ⵊ ఊӣϲᶾᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾Ϯᷚ࿭ὢཪં῾, ὢᶾᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ ᤎ⣋պὢጪᆚ`ўᆚᓢ૒⃿Ẃⵆ૒ં῾ഺጦὲ. ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ў⃪↮ ᓢᅪᩫѺ⫺ᴳⵆ؞ᶢဣ૒ં῾ഺጦὲ. - ᐆቢ, ᓦᷞ՚ંӣӣᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾ཪં῾ᶾᤊ ⵢ↲ὲҲўᆚࢢᶾᤊᤊ ᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾Ϯள῾`ὦỲ♆ᅪ␖↮ⵆӎὶἺ. ഺጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ᤎ⣋ պὢ⡚Ѻ὿ẗఆ↮ᴸંᕲᵪὲ. ෾ⵊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં↯῿`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ ᅪᐉંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ў⃪↮ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵎᨆὶἺ. - ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ંጪᆚ`ὦўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢ῿ת᤟ἲ☏ ⵆ቞, ↯῿` Ἢ၊ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢ῿ת᤟ἲ☏  ⵖ. ўᆚ☏ ᕲᤋᒃ - ῶ૮ўᆚ(Ἆ⡢ᆚೊ)ᅪὢẗⵆᷚўᆚ☏ ⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊல↯῿`ὦ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯӣ׷὾ὦἻ·ቢ·ேᢚጢ᥺Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪᏦ⤞(meter) ၊☏ 

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ࿚ⵊӣ׷ᏮலЀἲⵢ૧Ỳ♆ᶾᤊ὆ὦ՚Ꮾல၊ࢆ৲ᶢ῿ת᤟ ↮ᨆᢞ▊. - ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008) ᫊ᷛ؞⁢ᷞ՚ᅪѮ⦎ⵆቢᤊጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ἲ☏ ⵆં 4Ϯ↮ᐗᒃἲ ᫊ⵖ. ὦ՚↿૖૮ᘲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾὆ᘲ἖: ᵌᤊ὆⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆ῿ת᤟ ӪἎᢚⵢὪ ⵊ↮ᷛᶾ ӣఆંᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷ⷲ᢯⫺ᴳⵢ☏  ⵖ. צ࿚ࢆӣϲ῿ת᤟ᶾᤊ؞ᐆὢఆંўᆚᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮᕮ ⵖ. ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾ᶾ૮ⵊўᆚ: ϮᾓϮغẢ ӣ὾ᶾ૮ⵊўᆚᅪ☏  ⵆўࢆ ӣ὾ᤦ⪦Ḯ὆ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. ⃿ဓኖ୦: ⵗᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↮઺ὦ՚↿૖Ӫᤊᘲ᪒↮῾ϲ὆ᾎᾚ `ӣϲ᢯⸦὿ẗἲ☏ ⵆંѱὲ. ῿ת᤟ἲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾Ḯ὆ў ᆚ၊؞⃮ἲᢪ؞ഺጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾ᨆϮ↋Ϯⵆቢ῿ת᤟↋Ϯ ᅪேᐆⵖ.  ٍ҆ĵۆۿŖՁ ᵌᤊ῿ת᤟ӪӮဖఊᷞ՚ᅪѮ⦎ⵊҞӪӣϲ῿ת᤟Ἦጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ ӪὢẗϮઓ᤟ὢ⁞ⵗఊЊाὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ὢ⃿ᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં ⃪၊ጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ᶾ؞⓶ⵢᤊᷞ՚ᅪ↲⵷ⵖ. - ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008)Ϯ↮`⵶ೝὢᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯῿☏ ⵊ ᷞ՚ંў὆␬ᴲᓪᨆᶴં᢯⹗ὲ. - ӣӣᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾ંᒃ`ὦ׊ ⵆᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵊ૒ં῾ ᶾᤊኖ೎ᢚེ೒ᶾѺὢẗϮઓ᤟ὢ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⸃⮷ⵖ. ὢᶾጪᆚ` ὦўᆚϮ᫒ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾὶᶢ␖ὢ၊ᷞҞఊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊጪᆚ` ῿ת᤟ᶾ↿⃿ⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁  ෾ⵊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ἲ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃἮᤎ⵷ᷞ՚ᶾᤊѮ ⦎ⵎᨆὶೝὢᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ὲ. ὢ⃿ᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ᶾϮᾓ`ⵗⵊᐗᒃἮ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯῿☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - ὢᏦὦ՚૮ᘲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾ᘲ἖ἲ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὢࢆ⃿ဓኖ୦೟Ἦ૒ᵿ ⵊᐗᒃἪ၊ᕲᤋఆᶢṂἺ. ഺጦᶾᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊў὆⹊ẗఆ↮ᴸἮ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯῿☏ ⵆல။ⵖ. ጢᶵᓢ૒ᓦᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆↯῿`ὦў⃪↮ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊ૒ં ῾ᶾᤊጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆં୞ᾓ῾ὢὶἺ. - ጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ἲᷞ՚ⵎഺᵌᤊ὆૒ᵿⵊᷞ՚ᐗᒃ၎ᶾ ᫊ఆંὢ Ἆં ⵊ ఊӣϲᶾᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾Ϯᷚ࿭ὢཪં῾, ὢᶾᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ ᤎ⣋պὢጪᆚ`ўᆚᓢ૒⃿Ẃⵆ૒ં῾ഺጦὲ. ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ў⃪↮ ᓢᅪᩫѺ⫺ᴳⵆ؞ᶢဣ૒ં῾ഺጦὲ. - ᐆቢ, ᓦᷞ՚ંӣӣᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾ཪં῾ᶾᤊ ⵢ↲ὲҲўᆚࢢᶾᤊᤊ ᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾Ϯள῾`ὦỲ♆ᅪ␖↮ⵆӎὶἺ. ഺጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ᤎ⣋ պὢ⡚Ѻ὿ẗఆ↮ᴸંᕲᵪὲ. ෾ⵊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં↯῿`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ ᅪᐉંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ў⃪↮ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵎᨆὶἺ. - ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ંጪᆚ`ὦўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢ῿ת᤟ἲ☏ ⵆ቞, ↯῿` Ἢ၊ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢ῿ת᤟ἲ☏  ⵖ. ўᆚ☏ ᕲᤋᒃ - ῶ૮ўᆚ(Ἆ⡢ᆚೊ)ᅪὢẗⵆᷚўᆚ☏ ⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊல↯῿`ὦ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯӣ׷὾ὦἻ·ቢ·ேᢚጢ᥺Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪᏦ⤞(meter) ၊☏ 

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ӣϲ῿ת᤟ἲ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ϯᤎ⸦ⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾὆᥺ᾚᐗⶓὢᶪ ᆶࢆᐗⵢᐉ↮ᴸ ંϮᶾ὆ⵢᷯⶓἲᐉἺ. צ࿚ࢆӣӣὦⳲཪὦἻ·ቢ· ேᢚጢ᥺⸧Ἦ᫊·՞ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾὆᥺ᾚ↮὆ᒮ⹂Ϯ ⡚↮ᴸἺ. ⳓ ᩑǍ ᖅĥ  ઴֜ডծ  ᇥᕾႊჶၰᩑǍᯱഭ ᕲᤋⳲ၊צྖ - ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᕲᤋᶾં૒ᵿⵊⳲ၊צྖὢ⹊ẗఆ቞, ૮ⱊ`Ἢ၊ Arcview Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ෾ⵊ╊תQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖ᫊ᷛ↮ᆚ ᓢ ᅪ⦣ⵢ૒ᵿⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵢ⹊ẗఆӎὶἺ. - Q-GISંᴲ⡚ᗞⳲ၊צྖӪἎᢚⵊᕲᤋὢϮઓⵆ቞, Ḓ⳶᥺᪒၊Њᐊ ఆᶢ৲՚ࢆᢚẗϮઓⵆ૒ંᾓ῾ἲϮ↮ӎὶᶢᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊ⹊ẗⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊᢚẗⵖQ-GISંᑲῲ2.0.1ὲ. - ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵢᤊં⵷ ҫҲVector ὾ႺϮⴲẂⵖ. Ϯᾓ╊ת὾ႺϮ⦣Ҳ⒛ᶾᤊ ӣⵆં2011ल὾Ⴚὲ. ഺጦᶾ⃪᫊ᷚ ં⃪ᷚ՞Ἢ၊ᕲᤋఖ. ᴶᢞ᫊, ՚ᆚ᫊, ⃪᫊ᷚં2010ल, 2011ल⵷  ҫҲᒮ⹂Ϯᶴᶢ2010ल὾Ⴚᅪ⹊ẗⵆ቞, ⫺⃪᫊ં⵷ ҫҲϮᒮ⹂ ఆᶢ2011ल؞⃮ἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ᕲᤋᐗᒃ - Q-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖ⃿ᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾ϲ὆ўᆚᅪ⫺ᴳ ⵎᨆὶંᐗᒃὢHub lineӪDistance to nearest hubὢὶἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ӣϲ῿ת᤟ἲ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ϯᤎ⸦ⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ὾὆᥺ᾚᐗⶓὢᶪ ᆶࢆᐗⵢᐉ↮ᴸ ંϮᶾ὆ⵢᷯⶓἲᐉἺ. צ࿚ࢆӣӣὦⳲཪὦἻ·ቢ· ேᢚጢ᥺⸧Ἦ᫊·՞ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾὆᥺ᾚ↮὆ᒮ⹂Ϯ ⡚↮ᴸἺ. ⳓ ᩑǍ ᖅĥ  ઴֜ডծ  ᇥᕾႊჶၰᩑǍᯱഭ ᕲᤋⳲ၊צྖ - ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᕲᤋᶾં૒ᵿⵊⳲ၊צྖὢ⹊ẗఆ቞, ૮ⱊ`Ἢ၊ Arcview Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ෾ⵊ╊תQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖ᫊ᷛ↮ᆚ ᓢ ᅪ⦣ⵢ૒ᵿⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵢ⹊ẗఆӎὶἺ. - Q-GISંᴲ⡚ᗞⳲ၊צྖӪἎᢚⵊᕲᤋὢϮઓⵆ቞, Ḓ⳶᥺᪒၊Њᐊ ఆᶢ৲՚ࢆᢚẗϮઓⵆ૒ંᾓ῾ἲϮ↮ӎὶᶢᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊ⹊ẗⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊᢚẗⵖQ-GISંᑲῲ2.0.1ὲ. - ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵢᤊં⵷ ҫҲVector ὾ႺϮⴲẂⵖ. Ϯᾓ╊ת὾ႺϮ⦣Ҳ⒛ᶾᤊ ӣⵆં2011ल὾Ⴚὲ. ഺጦᶾ⃪᫊ᷚ ં⃪ᷚ՞Ἢ၊ᕲᤋఖ. ᴶᢞ᫊, ՚ᆚ᫊, ⃪᫊ᷚં2010ल, 2011ल⵷  ҫҲᒮ⹂Ϯᶴᶢ2010ल὾Ⴚᅪ⹊ẗⵆ቞, ⫺⃪᫊ં⵷ ҫҲϮᒮ⹂ ఆᶢ2011ल؞⃮ἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ᕲᤋᐗᒃ - Q-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖ⃿ᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾ϲ὆ўᆚᅪ⫺ᴳ ⵎᨆὶંᐗᒃὢHub lineӪDistance to nearest hubὢὶἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - Hub-Line ᕲᤋἮᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯ ⵢ↲ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾ϲ὆ўᆚᅪ☏  ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - Distance to nearest hubંў⃪↮ᶾ᥻ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேὢᴲશཪϮᾓϮغẢ Ἳ·ቢ·ேغ↮὆ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંὢాϮ↮ᐗᒃἲኖా⹊ẗⵢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ḮἻ·ቢ· ேϲ὆ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵖ. ᷞ՚὾Ⴚ - Q-GISᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ☏  ⵆ؞ỲⵢⴲẂⵊѱὢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ў⃪↮ᅪ⹃ᓢⵆંѱὲ. - ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚ં2012लҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ૖ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ఊ ҫ؞லጢⵊ஺ᓲᤪ ⤞⺖Ӫ᤟Ѯ↋ ᷞ՚ᶾᤊ⹊ẗఊ὾Ⴚᅪ⹊ẗⵖ. - ҫ؞லጢⵊ஺ᓲᤪ⤞⺖Ӫ᤟Ѯ↋ᷞ՚ ᶾᤊ⹊ẗఊ὾Ⴚં2010ल1 Ểᕮ⤞2012ल5Ểغ↮ጢⵊ஺ᓲᤪ⤞὆⦣ⵗᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ἢ၊ᤎ ఆ ᶢ, ᢚီӮᆚᅪᐉᵆ୆ҫⷆὢὶંҫ؞லᏪὲ. ὢ⃿ᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚὆૮ ᢯᫊( )ὦᴶᢞ, ՚ᆚ, ⫺⃪, ⃪ᷚ὆ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὾Ⴚᅪ⹊ẗⵖ. ᢚ ီӮᆚϮ՚⃿ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷Ϯ՚லᆼӎ, ᷚ࿚Ϯ↮૒ᵿⵊᤊ ᘲ᪒ᅪᐉં↿૖ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᏽᢚီӮᆚ؞ӮӪ ὆ጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ὢ⃿Ẃⵊ↿૖ὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⃪᥺Ϯ⹃ὦఆ↮ᴸં૮᢯὾ᅪ Ṧⵆӎ՚ᆚ78Ϯ՚, ᴶᢞ101Ϯ՚, ⫺⃪77Ϯ՚, ⃪ᷚ18Ϯ՚ᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊῿ת᤟ἲᢢ⮢ᓲ. ⳓ ᩑǍ ᖅĥ   ᇥᕾ༉⩶ ῿ת᤟ἮᢚီӮᆚ῿ת᤟, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᶳጢ῿ת᤟Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵖ. ὢᅪ՚ᕲ ⵆંὢἎંᢚီӮᆚᶳጢḮἻ·ቢ·ேᶳጢϮⷲᾚ᫊᪒⥊ᶾᤊᕲᆚఆᶢ ὶӎ, ᨆ⵷ⵆંӡ὆Ỳ♆ல૒ᅢ؞ഺጦὲ. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ὆ 2012 ᢚ⹺ᓣ ↮⦣ⵗᶳጢᴶࢢ ᶾ὆ⵆቢ, Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ᫊·՞὆⦣ⵗ⁞ᢚ⫮, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ Ế૖೟ᢚီӮᆚૢ૧ᕮᤊϮᨆ⵷ⵎᶳጢᅪ ᆚఆᶢὶἺ. ᢚီӮᆚ: ᫊὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵖ. ૒ᆺ, ҫ؞லંጢⵊ஺ ᓲᤪ⤞ᅪ⦣ⵢպᷛ૖Ỳ၊ᢚီӮᆚᶳጢᅪᨆ⵷ⵆӎὶἺ. ⓶؞᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ: Ἳ·ቢ·ேᶳጢᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵖ. ෾ⵊல᫊↮ᷛ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἲ՚ᕲⵖ. - ல᫊↮ᷛἮ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃ἲ᫒ⷆⵢᓪᨆὶં↮ᷛὲ. ὢᶾல᫊↮ᷛ ἮⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ϲ὆῿ת᤟␖ὢᅪᢢ⮢ᓲ. - ᐆቢ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞᫊ᒂ▂↲↮ᷛὢ؞ᶾἻ· ቢ·ேἮⷲᾚצ૮၊Ἆ↮ⵆંᐗ᫋ὲ. ഺጦᶾॻ⓺↮ᷛ὆῿ת᤟Ἦ ᫊·՞ᶾᤊẢᷯⵆં⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖Ӫ὆῿ת᤟ᶾ↿⃿ⵢᤊᕲᤋⵖ. - லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮ᫊ࢢல᫊↮ᷛἮ⦣ⵗ⸃Ӫў῾⸃ἲ᫒ⷆⵢᓪᨆὶ↮ ᆺ᫊Ṧӫ὆ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖὆պᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ`ⵗⵊ⪧⇃ὢ ὶἺ. ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં᫊ࢢᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ંў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ḮἻ· ቢ·ேϲ὆῿ת᤟␖ὢᅪᢢ⮢ᓲ. צ࿚ࢆ᫊Ṧӫ὆ᕮᕲў῾⸃὆ҫẞ ᫊( )Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ᶾ↿⃿ⵢᕲᤋⵖ. - ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚૮᢯ὦ4Њ᫊·՞ኖ⸃Ἦ૒ἺӪЇἺ. ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ: ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃ኖ⸃ ⫺⃪: ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃+ պᷛᤪ⤞(ᕮᕲў῾⸃) ⃪ᷚ: պᷛᤪ⤞ኖ⸃

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - Hub-Line ᕲᤋἮᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯ ⵢ↲ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ׷὾ϲ὆ўᆚᅪ☏  ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - Distance to nearest hubંў⃪↮ᶾ᥻ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேὢᴲશཪϮᾓϮغẢ Ἳ·ቢ·ேغ↮὆ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંὢాϮ↮ᐗᒃἲኖా⹊ẗⵢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ḮἻ·ቢ· ேϲ὆ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵖ. ᷞ՚὾Ⴚ - Q-GISᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ☏  ⵆ؞ỲⵢⴲẂⵊѱὢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾὆ў⃪↮ᅪ⹃ᓢⵆંѱὲ. - ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚ં2012लҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ૖ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ఊ ҫ؞லጢⵊ஺ᓲᤪ ⤞⺖Ӫ᤟Ѯ↋ ᷞ՚ᶾᤊ⹊ẗఊ὾Ⴚᅪ⹊ẗⵖ. - ҫ؞லጢⵊ஺ᓲᤪ⤞⺖Ӫ᤟Ѯ↋ᷞ՚ ᶾᤊ⹊ẗఊ὾Ⴚં2010ल1 Ểᕮ⤞2012ल5Ểغ↮ጢⵊ஺ᓲᤪ⤞὆⦣ⵗᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ἢ၊ᤎ ఆ ᶢ, ᢚီӮᆚᅪᐉᵆ୆ҫⷆὢὶંҫ؞லᏪὲ. ὢ⃿ᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚὆૮ ᢯᫊( )ὦᴶᢞ, ՚ᆚ, ⫺⃪, ⃪ᷚ὆ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὾Ⴚᅪ⹊ẗⵖ. ᢚ ီӮᆚϮ՚⃿ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷Ϯ՚லᆼӎ, ᷚ࿚Ϯ↮૒ᵿⵊᤊ ᘲ᪒ᅪᐉં↿૖ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᏽᢚီӮᆚ؞ӮӪ ὆ጪᆚ`῿ת᤟ὢ⃿Ẃⵊ↿૖ὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⃪᥺Ϯ⹃ὦఆ↮ᴸં૮᢯὾ᅪ Ṧⵆӎ՚ᆚ78Ϯ՚, ᴶᢞ101Ϯ՚, ⫺⃪77Ϯ՚, ⃪ᷚ18Ϯ՚ᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊῿ת᤟ἲᢢ⮢ᓲ. ⳓ ᩑǍ ᖅĥ   ᇥᕾ༉⩶ ῿ת᤟ἮᢚီӮᆚ῿ת᤟, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᶳጢ῿ת᤟Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵖ. ὢᅪ՚ᕲ ⵆંὢἎંᢚီӮᆚᶳጢḮἻ·ቢ·ேᶳጢϮⷲᾚ᫊᪒⥊ᶾᤊᕲᆚఆᶢ ὶӎ, ᨆ⵷ⵆંӡ὆Ỳ♆ல૒ᅢ؞ഺጦὲ. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ὆ 2012 ᢚ⹺ᓣ ↮⦣ⵗᶳጢᴶࢢ ᶾ὆ⵆቢ, Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ᫊·՞὆⦣ⵗ⁞ᢚ⫮, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ Ế૖೟ᢚီӮᆚૢ૧ᕮᤊϮᨆ⵷ⵎᶳጢᅪ ᆚఆᶢὶἺ. ᢚီӮᆚ: ᫊὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵖ. ૒ᆺ, ҫ؞லંጢⵊ஺ ᓲᤪ⤞ᅪ⦣ⵢպᷛ૖Ỳ၊ᢚီӮᆚᶳጢᅪᨆ⵷ⵆӎὶἺ. ⓶؞᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ: Ἳ·ቢ·ேᶳጢᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵖ. ෾ⵊல᫊↮ᷛ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἲ՚ᕲⵖ. - ல᫊↮ᷛἮ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃ἲ᫒ⷆⵢᓪᨆὶં↮ᷛὲ. ὢᶾல᫊↮ᷛ ἮⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ϲ὆῿ת᤟␖ὢᅪᢢ⮢ᓲ. - ᐆቢ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞᫊ᒂ▂↲↮ᷛὢ؞ᶾἻ· ቢ·ேἮⷲᾚצ૮၊Ἆ↮ⵆંᐗ᫋ὲ. ഺጦᶾॻ⓺↮ᷛ὆῿ת᤟Ἦ ᫊·՞ᶾᤊẢᷯⵆં⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖Ӫ὆῿ת᤟ᶾ↿⃿ⵢᤊᕲᤋⵖ. - லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮ᫊ࢢல᫊↮ᷛἮ⦣ⵗ⸃Ӫў῾⸃ἲ᫒ⷆⵢᓪᨆὶ↮ ᆺ᫊Ṧӫ὆ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖὆պᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ`ⵗⵊ⪧⇃ὢ ὶἺ. ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં᫊ࢢᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ંў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ḮἻ· ቢ·ேϲ὆῿ת᤟␖ὢᅪᢢ⮢ᓲ. צ࿚ࢆ᫊Ṧӫ὆ᕮᕲў῾⸃὆ҫẞ ᫊( )Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ᶾ↿⃿ⵢᕲᤋⵖ. - ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚૮᢯ὦ4Њ᫊·՞ኖ⸃Ἦ૒ἺӪЇἺ. ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ: ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃ኖ⸃ ⫺⃪: ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃+ պᷛᤪ⤞(ᕮᕲў῾⸃) ⃪ᷚ: պᷛᤪ⤞ኖ⸃

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ኖ⸃ - ኖ⸃1 : ҫ؞லંὢᏦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢῲᶾጢⵊ஺ᓲᤪ⤞ऒ⪦Ẻ ⡚⫮3)ἲẢᷯⵆӎὶἺ. ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆պᷛἮᢚ᫒᢯᢯૧⽶⡞᢯⹗ ὲ. ૒ᆺ, ὢᏦҫ؞லࢢᶾᤊպᷛЊाἪ၊⹊ẗఆᶢḖ૖Ỳὢ؞ഺጦ ᶾⵢ૧ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆պᷛ՚ᕲἲ⹊ẗⵢ῿ת᤟ἲᢢ⮢ᓲ. - ኖ⸃2 : 3ЊἻ·ቢ·ே⃿᫚Ἢ၊Q-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ὆↯ᤎўᆚϮϮᾓ⇕Ἦ╊૖ўᆚ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ ኖ⸃ ᫊ⵖ.   օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ᮡ Ğʑࠥ ₉ᬱᨱᕽ ᭥ʑaᱶ ᔍಡšญෝ ᭥⧕ ᖅ⊹⦽ ྕ⦽࠭ᅥᖝ░᮹ ǭᩎ ᔍಡšญ᳑ᱶʑǍ ᯥ ⧕ݚ ǭᩎ ԕᨱᕽ Ḳᵲ ၰ ʕɪ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱᨱ ݡ⦽ Ḳᵲᔍ౩šญෝ ᭥⧕ šಉ ᕽእᜅ ᱽŖʑšᮥ ᩑĥ⦹Ł  ݡᔢᯱෝ ᳑ᱶ⦹۵ ᩎ⧁ ᙹ⧪⧉ ၝe᭥┢ࡹᨕ ᬕᩢࡹŁ ᯩᮭ ʑᅙ⩶ŝ ⪶ᰆ⩶ᮝಽ ǍᇥࡹŁ  ʑᅙ⩶ᮡḡᩎᔍ⫭ԕᨱᕽᔍಡšญ᳑ᱶᩎ⧁ᙹ⧪ᯕa܆⦽ʑšᮥᖁᱶ⦹Ł᳑ᱶᯱ ᯙᮥ ḡᬱ⧉ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ंজէր  ᯝၹ⩥⫊  ֨ԴҼ֟ėśۙ (1) ՚ᆚ᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ1>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊὆᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ᥺ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ⷲ⹗ὲ. ⵷ `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ՚ᆚ᫊ં┋8Њ὆ேἪ၊՚᤟ఆᶢὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ࢖ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἢ၊2Њᤒ♆ ᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ϶ᇒே, ே՚ே, ὦ␫ே, Ծጦ1ே ࢖ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: Ծጦ2ே, ᨆ⣋ேὪ૮ - ՚ᆚ᫊⒛ἮԾጦ1ேᶾᤒ♆ఆᶢὶἺ. ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ૒ἺӪЇἺ. - ↮ᷛᒲ၊ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ(᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013), ᨆ⣋ேὪ ૮, Ծጦ2ேᶾ΅᥺ೋ☣ὢᏮ↿ఆᶢὶἺἲᴺᨆὶἺ. - ᐆቢ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ંே՚ேӪԾጦ2ேᶾᏮ↿ఆᶢὶં⪧⇃ ὢὶἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ኖ⸃ - ኖ⸃1 : ҫ؞லંὢᏦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢῲᶾጢⵊ஺ᓲᤪ⤞ऒ⪦Ẻ ⡚⫮3)ἲẢᷯⵆӎὶἺ. ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆պᷛἮᢚ᫒᢯᢯૧⽶⡞᢯⹗ ὲ. ૒ᆺ, ὢᏦҫ؞லࢢᶾᤊպᷛЊाἪ၊⹊ẗఆᶢḖ૖Ỳὢ؞ഺጦ ᶾⵢ૧ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆պᷛ՚ᕲἲ⹊ẗⵢ῿ת᤟ἲᢢ⮢ᓲ. - ኖ⸃2 : 3ЊἻ·ቢ·ே⃿᫚Ἢ၊Q-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾ Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ὆↯ᤎўᆚϮϮᾓ⇕Ἦ╊૖ўᆚ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ ኖ⸃ ᫊ⵖ.   օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ᮡ Ğʑࠥ ₉ᬱᨱᕽ ᭥ʑaᱶ ᔍಡšญෝ ᭥⧕ ᖅ⊹⦽ ྕ⦽࠭ᅥᖝ░᮹ ǭᩎ ᔍಡšญ᳑ᱶʑǍ ᯥ ⧕ݚ ǭᩎ ԕᨱᕽ Ḳᵲ ၰ ʕɪ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱᨱ ݡ⦽ Ḳᵲᔍ౩šญෝ ᭥⧕ šಉ ᕽእᜅ ᱽŖʑšᮥ ᩑĥ⦹Ł  ݡᔢᯱෝ ᳑ᱶ⦹۵ ᩎ⧁ ᙹ⧪⧉ ၝe᭥┢ࡹᨕ ᬕᩢࡹŁ ᯩᮭ ʑᅙ⩶ŝ ⪶ᰆ⩶ᮝಽ ǍᇥࡹŁ  ʑᅙ⩶ᮡḡᩎᔍ⫭ԕᨱᕽᔍಡšญ᳑ᱶᩎ⧁ᙹ⧪ᯕa܆⦽ʑšᮥᖁᱶ⦹Ł᳑ᱶᯱ ᯙᮥ ḡᬱ⧉ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ंজէր  ᯝၹ⩥⫊  ֨ԴҼ֟ėśۙ (1) ՚ᆚ᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ1>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊὆᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ᥺ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ⷲ⹗ὲ. ⵷ `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ՚ᆚ᫊ં┋8Њ὆ேἪ၊՚᤟ఆᶢὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ࢖ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἢ၊2Њᤒ♆ ᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ϶ᇒே, ே՚ே, ὦ␫ே, Ծጦ1ே ࢖ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: Ծጦ2ே, ᨆ⣋ேὪ૮ - ՚ᆚ᫊⒛ἮԾጦ1ேᶾᤒ♆ఆᶢὶἺ. ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ૒ἺӪЇἺ. - ↮ᷛᒲ၊ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ(᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013), ᨆ⣋ேὪ ૮, Ծጦ2ேᶾ΅᥺ೋ☣ὢᏮ↿ఆᶢὶἺἲᴺᨆὶἺ. - ᐆቢ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ંே՚ேӪԾጦ2ேᶾᏮ↿ఆᶢὶં⪧⇃ ὢὶἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᜽ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᵝၝᖝ░႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ ὾Ⴚ: ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽  Ǎญ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ (2) ᴶᢞ᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ2>ંᴶ ᢞ᫊὆᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ᥺ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ⷲ⹗ὲ. ⵷ `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ᴶᢞ᫊ં૖Ế՚, ᢯။՚2Њ὆՚Ḯ┋25Њ὆ேἪ၊ ՚᤟ఊ૮ல᫊ཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ┋4Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ᤒ♆ ᴶᢞᓦḒऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᓦḒே, ᢚே, ᐆỂே ᴶᢞᕮӏऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᕮӏே, ᴶᢞே, ᤟⯚ே, Ể⴪ே, Ὢே, ὢே ᴶᢞ⓶↮ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⓶↮ே, ӎᾂே, ૮ᕮே, Ếӏே, ⸦ᨆே ᴶᢞᤎᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: Ḯே, ᤎᕮேὪ૮. ᴲ྆<ⱊ2>ᶾ ᫊ఊצᆪ ᶾ὆ⵆቢᤎᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἮᤎᕮேᏽḮேӪўᆚϮὶં୞, ᫒  ᤎᕮேᶾᕲ᥺ᅪᤒ♆ⵢऒ⪦Ẻ⡚ᶳጢᅪᨆ⵷ⵆӎὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ૒ἺӪЇἺ. - ΅᥺ೋ☣ἮᓦḒ1ே, ᢚ1ே, Ḯே, Ể⴪ே, ᤎᕮ2ேᶾᆼἺ. - ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ંᓦḒ1ே, Ể⴪ே, Ḯே, ⓶↮ே, Ếӏᓦே὆ᨊ Ἢ၊ᆼὢў⃪ⵖ. ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᵝၝᖝ░ ႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ ὾Ⴚ: ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽  ᦩᔑ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᜽ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᵝၝᖝ░႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ ὾Ⴚ: ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽  Ǎญ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ (2) ᴶᢞ᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ2>ંᴶ ᢞ᫊὆᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ᥺ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ⷲ⹗ὲ. ⵷ `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ᴶᢞ᫊ં૖Ế՚, ᢯။՚2Њ὆՚Ḯ┋25Њ὆ேἪ၊ ՚᤟ఊ૮ல᫊ཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ┋4Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ᤒ♆ ᴶᢞᓦḒऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᓦḒே, ᢚே, ᐆỂே ᴶᢞᕮӏऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᕮӏே, ᴶᢞே, ᤟⯚ே, Ể⴪ே, Ὢே, ὢே ᴶᢞ⓶↮ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⓶↮ே, ӎᾂே, ૮ᕮே, Ếӏே, ⸦ᨆே ᴶᢞᤎᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: Ḯே, ᤎᕮேὪ૮. ᴲ྆<ⱊ2>ᶾ ᫊ఊצᆪ ᶾ὆ⵆቢᤎᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἮᤎᕮேᏽḮேӪўᆚϮὶં୞, ᫒  ᤎᕮேᶾᕲ᥺ᅪᤒ♆ⵢऒ⪦Ẻ⡚ᶳጢᅪᨆ⵷ⵆӎὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ૒ἺӪЇἺ. - ΅᥺ೋ☣ἮᓦḒ1ே, ᢚ1ே, Ḯே, Ể⴪ே, ᤎᕮ2ேᶾᆼἺ. - ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ંᓦḒ1ே, Ể⴪ே, Ḯே, ⓶↮ே, Ếӏᓦே὆ᨊ Ἢ၊ᆼὢў⃪ⵖ. ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᵝၝᖝ░ ႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ ὾Ⴚ: ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽  ᦩᔑ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ (3) ⫺⃪᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ3>ં⫺⃪᫊὆᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ᥺ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ⷲ⹗ὲ. ⵷ `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ⫺⃪᫊ંலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊἻ·ቢ·ேὢኖాὶં↮ ᷛὲ. ⵷ ՚ᷛἮ17Њ၊՚ᕲఆ቞, ேἮ7Њ, Ἳὢ4Њ, ቢὢ6Њ၊՚᤟ ఆᶢὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ┋3Њ4) ᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: `᤟ቢ, ⫺⮷ቢ, ጦᢞἻ, ՞ࢢቢ, ⫺⃪Ἳ, ⢲ⷲቢ ⃿ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᒃẾἻ, ӿ⢲ቢ, ⁞ᆚἻ, ἖ேቢ, ׶⓺1ே ࢖ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ׶⓺2, 3ே, Ả ேὪ૮ ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ૒ἺӪЇἺ. - ΅᥺ೋ☣ἮጦᢞἻ, Ả 3ேᶾ⒊ታὢ᢯ў⃪ⵆ቞, ૒ἺἪ၊׶⓺1 ே, ᒃẾἻἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. - ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾ંጦᢞἻᶾἎὪⵆѺ⒊ ታὢ᢯ў⃪ - ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ં5Њ↮ᷛἲ Ṧⵊ↮ᷛὢ⒊ታὢ᢯ὲ. צ⃿ ᶾᤊጦᢞἻὢϮᾓᆼἪ቞, ૒ἺἪ၊⁞ᆚἻ, Ả 3ேἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖.   ֥ }ಽ ݅᜽ qᗭ⧁ ᩩᱶᯥ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ᜽ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ ὾Ⴚ: ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽  ❭ᵝ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ (4) ⃪᫊ᷚ ᴲ྆<ⱊ4>ં⃪᫊ᷚ὆᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ᥺ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ⷲ⹗ὲ. ⵷ `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ⃪᫊ᷚં10Њ⵷ ՚ᷛἪ၊՚ᕲఖ. ⃪ᷚἻὢὶӎ, ࢆሦ↮ંቢ↮ᷛὲ. ᴲ྆῿ת᤟ᕲᤋᶾᤊ↲⵷ⵆҎ↮ᆺ, ⃪ᷚંॻ⓺↮ ᷛἪ၊ં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ኖ୦⃿ᶾᤊॻ⓺὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖὆պᷛᤪ ⤞⹂ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ (3) ⫺⃪᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ3>ં⫺⃪᫊὆᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ᥺ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ⷲ⹗ὲ. ⵷ `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ⫺⃪᫊ંலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊἻ·ቢ·ேὢኖాὶં↮ ᷛὲ. ⵷ ՚ᷛἮ17Њ၊՚ᕲఆ቞, ேἮ7Њ, Ἳὢ4Њ, ቢὢ6Њ၊՚᤟ ఆᶢὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ┋3Њ4) ᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: `᤟ቢ, ⫺⮷ቢ, ጦᢞἻ, ՞ࢢቢ, ⫺⃪Ἳ, ⢲ⷲቢ ⃿ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᒃẾἻ, ӿ⢲ቢ, ⁞ᆚἻ, ἖ேቢ, ׶⓺1ே ࢖ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ׶⓺2, 3ே, Ả ேὪ૮ ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ૒ἺӪЇἺ. - ΅᥺ೋ☣ἮጦᢞἻ, Ả 3ேᶾ⒊ታὢ᢯ў⃪ⵆ቞, ૒ἺἪ၊׶⓺1 ே, ᒃẾἻἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. - ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾ંጦᢞἻᶾἎὪⵆѺ⒊ ታὢ᢯ў⃪ - ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ં5Њ↮ᷛἲ Ṧⵊ↮ᷛὢ⒊ታὢ᢯ὲ. צ⃿ ᶾᤊጦᢞἻὢϮᾓᆼἪ቞, ૒ἺἪ၊⁞ᆚἻ, Ả 3ேἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖.   ֥ }ಽ ݅᜽ qᗭ⧁ ᩩᱶᯥ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ᜽ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ ὾Ⴚ: ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽  ❭ᵝ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ (4) ⃪᫊ᷚ ᴲ྆<ⱊ4>ં⃪᫊ᷚ὆᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ᥺ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷὾, ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ⷲ⹗ὲ. ⵷ `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ⃪᫊ᷚં10Њ⵷ ՚ᷛἪ၊՚ᕲఖ. ⃪ᷚἻὢὶӎ, ࢆሦ↮ંቢ↮ᷛὲ. ᴲ྆῿ת᤟ᕲᤋᶾᤊ↲⵷ⵆҎ↮ᆺ, ⃪ᷚંॻ⓺↮ ᷛἪ၊ં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ኖ୦⃿ᶾᤊॻ⓺὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖὆պᷛᤪ ⤞⹂ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ2Њ၊՚ᕲ. Ӯⵎ↮ᷛἮЃᕯӪЃ࢖Ἢ၊՚ᕲఆᶶ↮ᆺ, ᫒ ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2Њኖా⃪ᷚἻᶾᤒ♆ఆᶢὶἺ. Ѓᕯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᢞᕯቢ, ׶ᢚቢ, ૮ᫎቢ, ᕯࢢቢ, Ѓ⒊ቢ Ѓ࢖ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⸻⒊ቢ, ઓᤊቢ, ⃪ᷚἻ, Ϯ࢖ቢ, ῾ேቢἲӮⵎⵖ. ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ᴲ྆ḮЇἺ. - ΅᥺ೋ☣Ἦ⃪ᷚἻ, Ϯ࢖ቢ, ૮ᫎቢᶾᆼἺ. ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ંᷚ ⃪Ἳ, Ϯ࢖ቢ, ૮ᫎቢᶾᆼὢў⃪ⵖ. ᜽ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ ὾Ⴚ: ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽  ᩍᵝ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ᜽ ᔍಡᙹ ʑⅩᔾ⪽ᅕᰆᙹɪᩍᇡ ⠪Ɂӹᯕ ᖙ ⠪Ɂa᳒ᙹ ໦ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ Ǎญ᜽          ᦩᔑ᜽         ᩍᵝ᜽          ❭ᵝ᜽          ⧊ĥ          ⢽  ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊  ԐͻěνʂԜۙ  ᓦᷞ՚὆૮᢯὾ϮఆંᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚ં┋276Ϯ՚ὲ. - ՚ᆚ78Ϯ՚, ᴶᢞ101Ϯ՚, ⃪ᷚ18Ϯ՚, ⫺⃪79Ϯ՚ὲ. - ὢ⃿ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷Ϯ՚ં50.7%, ᘲᨆ׷Ϯ՚ં49.3%၊ࢆ⢮ ࢖. ⃪ᷚં૮ᕮᕲᨆ׷὾ὦᐆቢ, ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⫺⃪ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚ ંᘲᨆ׷὾ᘲ἖ὢঀἺ. - ᢚီӮᆚϮ՚὆⃪ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὆⮷׎ࢆὢં44ᤦ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ⫺⃪ ં42.7ᤦ, ᴶᢞἮ45.3ᤦὲ. - ⮷׎Ϯ ᨆં2.6ታἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ⃪᫊ᷚϮ2.2ታ, ⫺⃪᫊Ϯ2.7ታἪ၊ࢆ ⢮࢖.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ2Њ၊՚ᕲ. Ӯⵎ↮ᷛἮЃᕯӪЃ࢖Ἢ၊՚ᕲఆᶶ↮ᆺ, ᫒ ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2Њኖా⃪ᷚἻᶾᤒ♆ఆᶢὶἺ. Ѓᕯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᢞᕯቢ, ׶ᢚቢ, ૮ᫎቢ, ᕯࢢቢ, Ѓ⒊ቢ Ѓ࢖ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⸻⒊ቢ, ઓᤊቢ, ⃪ᷚἻ, Ϯ࢖ቢ, ῾ேቢἲӮⵎⵖ. ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ᴲ྆ḮЇἺ. - ΅᥺ೋ☣Ἦ⃪ᷚἻ, Ϯ࢖ቢ, ૮ᫎቢᶾᆼἺ. ؞⓶०ဧᷞ׶ᨆ׷὾ંᷚ ⃪Ἳ, Ϯ࢖ቢ, ૮ᫎቢᶾᆼὢў⃪ⵖ. ᜽ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ ὾Ⴚ: ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽  ᩍᵝ᜽ℎ  օ✙ᬭⓍ❡  ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ᜽ ᔍಡᙹ ʑⅩᔾ⪽ᅕᰆᙹɪᩍᇡ ⠪Ɂӹᯕ ᖙ ⠪Ɂa᳒ᙹ ໦ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ Ǎญ᜽          ᦩᔑ᜽         ᩍᵝ᜽          ❭ᵝ᜽          ⧊ĥ          ⢽  ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊  ԐͻěνʂԜۙ  ᓦᷞ՚὆૮᢯὾ϮఆંᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚ં┋276Ϯ՚ὲ. - ՚ᆚ78Ϯ՚, ᴶᢞ101Ϯ՚, ⃪ᷚ18Ϯ՚, ⫺⃪79Ϯ՚ὲ. - ὢ⃿ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷Ϯ՚ં50.7%, ᘲᨆ׷Ϯ՚ં49.3%၊ࢆ⢮ ࢖. ⃪ᷚં૮ᕮᕲᨆ׷὾ὦᐆቢ, ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⫺⃪ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚ ંᘲᨆ׷὾ᘲ἖ὢঀἺ. - ᢚီӮᆚϮ՚὆⃪ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὆⮷׎ࢆὢં44ᤦ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ⫺⃪ ં42.7ᤦ, ᴶᢞἮ45.3ᤦὲ. - ⮷׎Ϯ ᨆં2.6ታἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ⃪᫊ᷚϮ2.2ታ, ⫺⃪᫊Ϯ2.7ታἪ၊ࢆ ⢮࢖.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᷴ὆<צᆪ1>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊὆ᢚီӮᆚ ૮᢯὾೒὆ў⃪↮ᅪⱊⷲⵊѱὲ. ՚ ᆚં ᵌᤊ὆ ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ Ꮾ↿↮ᷛὦ ᨆ⣋ே ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚Ϯ Ꮾ↿ఆᶢὶἺ. <צᆪ2>ંᴶᢞἮῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮ ᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἪ቞, ⃪၊ ᴶᢞ᫊⃿᫚ᕮᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ᓦᷞ՚὆ ૮᢯Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἺ. əฝ  Ǎญ᜽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ əฝ  ᦩᔑ᜽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  <צᆪ3>Ἦ⫺⃪ંἻ↮ᷛӪே↮ ᷛἪ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ ఆᶢὶἪ቞, <צᆪ4>὆⃪ᷚᷛ ⃪᫊ᷚἻἲ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮ ᢯Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἺ. ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺ ⃪, ⃪ᷚኖాᵌᤊᓣ↮૮᢯὾὆ Ὢᐆ`ⷲ⹗ᶾᤊ ᫊ఆᶶೝὢ΅ ᥺ೋ☣ὢᏮ↿ఊ↮ᷛᶾў⃪ⵆં ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾೒ὲἲᴺᨆὶἺ. əฝ  ᩍᵝ᜽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ əฝ  ❭ᵝ᜽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᷴ὆<צᆪ1>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊὆ᢚီӮᆚ ૮᢯὾೒὆ў⃪↮ᅪⱊⷲⵊѱὲ. ՚ ᆚં ᵌᤊ὆ ᓣ↮૮᢯὾ Ꮾ↿↮ᷛὦ ᨆ⣋ே ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚Ϯ Ꮾ↿ఆᶢὶἺ. <צᆪ2>ંᴶᢞἮῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮ ᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἪ቞, ⃪၊ ᴶᢞ᫊⃿᫚ᕮᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ᓦᷞ՚὆ ૮᢯Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἺ. əฝ  Ǎญ᜽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ əฝ  ᦩᔑ᜽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  <צᆪ3>Ἦ⫺⃪ંἻ↮ᷛӪே↮ ᷛἪ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ ఆᶢὶἪ቞, <צᆪ4>὆⃪ᷚᷛ ⃪᫊ᷚἻἲ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮ ᢯Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἺ. ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺ ⃪, ⃪ᷚኖాᵌᤊᓣ↮૮᢯὾὆ Ὢᐆ`ⷲ⹗ᶾᤊ ᫊ఆᶶೝὢ΅ ᥺ೋ☣ὢᏮ↿ఊ↮ᷛᶾў⃪ⵆં ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾೒ὲἲᴺᨆὶἺ. əฝ  ᩍᵝ᜽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ əฝ  ❭ᵝ᜽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽᵝၝ ᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽  Ǎญ᜽ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶  ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ঑ෙᱲɝᖒᄡ⪵  ĵν֨ (1) ኖ⸃ ՚ᆚ᫊ંῲ⸃`ὦ⃿᥺ல᫊὆⪧⇃ἲϮ↮ӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲᾚጢⵊ஺ᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఊே՚ேӪᨆ⣋2ேᶾў῾ ⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંᐗὦὲ. - ኖ⸃2ંே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆᅪӎဒⵆᷚ┋3Њ὆⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ኖ⸃ὲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  Ǎᇥⷛ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᪡᮹ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍ᜽ℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญⷛ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᪡᮹ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  Ǎญ᜽ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒὆῿ת᤟ - ᴲ྆<ⱊ7>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊὆ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. - ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં1,366Ꮶ⤞၊૒ᅦ᫊·՞ ᶾᘲⵢϮᾓ⇕Ѻࢆ⢮࢖. ᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ 1,212Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ׷὾὆ 1,575Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒↯ᤎўᆚϮୂ⇕Ἲ. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં1,188Ꮶ⤞၊2Њ὆ऒ ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢὶἺᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ᫊὆1,366Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒178Ꮶ⤞⇕Ἲ. ᨆ׷ ὾ં1,170Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં1,213Ꮶ⤞၊ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆῿ת᤟Ἦᘲᨆ ׷὾ᓢ૒ᨆ׷὾ᶾѺᓢ૒ঀἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽᵝၝ ᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽  Ǎญ᜽ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶  ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ঑ෙᱲɝᖒᄡ⪵  ĵν֨ (1) ኖ⸃ ՚ᆚ᫊ંῲ⸃`ὦ⃿᥺ல᫊὆⪧⇃ἲϮ↮ӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲᾚጢⵊ஺ᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఊே՚ேӪᨆ⣋2ேᶾў῾ ⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંᐗὦὲ. - ኖ⸃2ંே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆᅪӎဒⵆᷚ┋3Њ὆⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ኖ⸃ὲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  Ǎᇥⷛ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᪡᮹ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍ᜽ℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญⷛ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᪡᮹ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  Ǎญ᜽ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒὆῿ת᤟ - ᴲ྆<ⱊ7>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊὆ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. - ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં1,366Ꮶ⤞၊૒ᅦ᫊·՞ ᶾᘲⵢϮᾓ⇕Ѻࢆ⢮࢖. ᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ 1,212Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ׷὾὆ 1,575Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒↯ᤎўᆚϮୂ⇕Ἲ. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં1,188Ꮶ⤞၊2Њ὆ऒ ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢὶἺᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ᫊὆1,366Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒178Ꮶ⤞⇕Ἲ. ᨆ׷ ὾ં1,170Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં1,213Ꮶ⤞၊ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆῿ת᤟Ἦᘲᨆ ׷὾ᓢ૒ᨆ׷὾ᶾѺᓢ૒ঀἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ2Њ၊ᢚီӮᆚᨆ⵷؞Ӯἲ⁞ ⵊѱὲ. · ⷲᾚऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫպᷛ՚ᕲἮேὪⵆ↮ᆺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ኖ⸃1 ὆ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆ўᆚં821Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં706Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ὢંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ḯ὆ўᆚ1,188ᓢ૒300Ꮶ⤞ὢ᢯૖▃ఊѱὲ. · ⷲᾚպᷛ՚ᕲἮேὪⵆୂཪலऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἮᏪϲỲ⢯ఆᶢᒲல὆ᢚ ጢ᫒ᶾᤊẢᷯఆӎὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ંⷲᾚ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ே ᶾצ૮၊ᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶὢ؞ഺጦᶾўᆚᶾᤊ␖ὢϮὶἺ. · ὢ࿞␖ὢંᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ૖▃ఆંўᆚϮ460Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃2ં3Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંҫẞὲ. · ὢഺ՚ᆚ᫊὆ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆ўᆚં745Ꮶ⤞ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં616 Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં921Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἲ؞⃮Ἢ၊ῲ⒢400Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ550Ꮶ ⤞૖▃ఊᨆ♆ὲ. (3) ⓶؞᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ8>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊὆؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷ⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚὲ. - ᵌᤊ ᫊⵶ೝὢἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊં᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᶳጢᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ ೟ἲૢ૧ⵆӎὶἺ. - ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚં590Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯᴶఆં᢯⹗ὲ. ᫊Ḯ὆ўᆚ὆ῶᐆᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં547Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં649Ꮶ⤞၊ ࢆ⢮ࢆᨆ׷὾὆῿ת᤟ὢ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ⧎༊ⷛⷛ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  Ǎญ᜽ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ2Њ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. · ኖ⸃1὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚં821Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં706Ꮶ⤞ ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ὢંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ே὆ўᆚ590Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒230Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఆᶢ ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ›૒ӎⵎᨆὶἺ. · ὢ࿞␖ὢંᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚϮ706Ꮶ⤞၊ ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ547Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒159Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఊᨆ♆ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં3Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંҫẞὲ. · ՚ᆚ᫊὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤦ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚં745Ꮶ⤞ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં616Ꮶ ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં921Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊155Ꮶ⤞ ↋૮ⵊѱὲ. ᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮⵶ӎᘲᨆ׷὾ં273Ꮶ⤞↋ ૮⵶Ἲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ2Њ၊ᢚီӮᆚᨆ⵷؞Ӯἲ⁞ ⵊѱὲ. · ⷲᾚऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫպᷛ՚ᕲἮேὪⵆ↮ᆺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ኖ⸃1 ὆ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆ўᆚં821Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં706Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ὢંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ḯ὆ўᆚ1,188ᓢ૒300Ꮶ⤞ὢ᢯૖▃ఊѱὲ. · ⷲᾚպᷛ՚ᕲἮேὪⵆୂཪலऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἮᏪϲỲ⢯ఆᶢᒲல὆ᢚ ጢ᫒ᶾᤊẢᷯఆӎὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ંⷲᾚ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ே ᶾצ૮၊ᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶὢ؞ഺጦᶾўᆚᶾᤊ␖ὢϮὶἺ. · ὢ࿞␖ὢંᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ૖▃ఆંўᆚϮ460Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃2ં3Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંҫẞὲ. · ὢഺ՚ᆚ᫊὆ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆ўᆚં745Ꮶ⤞ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં616 Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં921Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἲ؞⃮Ἢ၊ῲ⒢400Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ550Ꮶ ⤞૖▃ఊᨆ♆ὲ. (3) ⓶؞᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ8>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊὆؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷ⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚὲ. - ᵌᤊ ᫊⵶ೝὢἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊં᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᶳጢᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ ೟ἲૢ૧ⵆӎὶἺ. - ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚં590Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯᴶఆં᢯⹗ὲ. ᫊Ḯ὆ўᆚ὆ῶᐆᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં547Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં649Ꮶ⤞၊ ࢆ⢮ࢆᨆ׷὾὆῿ת᤟ὢ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ⧎༊ⷛⷛ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  Ǎญ᜽ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ2Њ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. · ኖ⸃1὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚં821Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં706Ꮶ⤞ ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ὢંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ே὆ўᆚ590Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒230Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఆᶢ ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ›૒ӎⵎᨆὶἺ. · ὢ࿞␖ὢંᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚϮ706Ꮶ⤞၊ ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ547Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒159Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఊᨆ♆ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં3Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંҫẞὲ. · ՚ᆚ᫊὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤦ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚં745Ꮶ⤞ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં616Ꮶ ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં921Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊155Ꮶ⤞ ↋૮ⵊѱὲ. ᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮⵶ӎᘲᨆ׷὾ં273Ꮶ⤞↋ ૮⵶Ἲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⷲᾚ8Њ὆⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵆ୆ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↮ંѱἮ૧ᷞⵊὪὲ. - צ࿚ࢆኖ⸃2὆ҫẞᘲ။↯ᤎўᆚὢآⵆ↮ᆺ, ᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞў῾ ⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚϮ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఆંᨆ⃮ᶾצⒾ῿ת᤟ὢ⡚ Ѻ࢜ᴲ↲૒ӎᓢآᶢဒẮ. ጢᶵᓢ૒՚ᆚ᫊ኖ⸃2὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚંᴲ྆ᶾᤊ ᫊ⵎⷲᾚᴶᢞ᫊Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ ḮἎᢚⵖ. ഺጦᶾ՚ᆚ᫊὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ·ேἲᤒ♆ⵆୂཪல⡚ Ѻ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↲૒ӎ⮷ϮⵆآᶢဒẮ.  ؋ԓ֨ (1) ኖ⸃ ૮ல᫊၊ў῾⸃ᏽ⦣ⵗ⸃ἲ▂↲ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ૮ல᫊၊ᤊ՚ᆚᶾᘲⵢ↯ᤎўᆚϮآ⪧⇃ὢὶἺ. - ኖ⸃1ἮⷲᾚḮЇὢ4ЊպᷛἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં┋7Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. ᢚီӮᆚ૮ ᢯὾೒ὢὢேⵆં୞Ϯᾓ╊૖ўᆚᅪҲᢞⵆᷚў῾ᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆં ᐗᴶὲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ ࡽᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽  ᦩᔑ᜽ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶  (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ10>Ἦᴶᢞ᫊὆ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶ ᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ᴶᢞ᫊὆ҫẞᤚ↮ᷛὦ૮ᕮேὢ⯚ⵖఆᶢὶᶢ᫊ࢆऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ὆ ↯ᤎўᆚϮ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ئѺࢆ⢮ࢎᨆὶἺ. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં3,264Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ᨆ׷὾ ὆ҫẞ3,147Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ׷὾὆3,373Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒↯ᤎўᆚϮୂ⇕Ἲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⷲᾚ8Њ὆⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵆ୆ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↮ંѱἮ૧ᷞⵊὪὲ. - צ࿚ࢆኖ⸃2὆ҫẞᘲ။↯ᤎўᆚὢآⵆ↮ᆺ, ᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞў῾ ⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚϮ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఆંᨆ⃮ᶾצⒾ῿ת᤟ὢ⡚ Ѻ࢜ᴲ↲૒ӎᓢآᶢဒẮ. ጢᶵᓢ૒՚ᆚ᫊ኖ⸃2὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚંᴲ྆ᶾᤊ ᫊ⵎⷲᾚᴶᢞ᫊Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ ḮἎᢚⵖ. ഺጦᶾ՚ᆚ᫊὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ·ேἲᤒ♆ⵆୂཪல⡚ Ѻ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↲૒ӎ⮷ϮⵆآᶢဒẮ.  ؋ԓ֨ (1) ኖ⸃ ૮ல᫊၊ў῾⸃ᏽ⦣ⵗ⸃ἲ▂↲ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ૮ல᫊၊ᤊ՚ᆚᶾᘲⵢ↯ᤎўᆚϮآ⪧⇃ὢὶἺ. - ኖ⸃1ἮⷲᾚḮЇὢ4ЊպᷛἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં┋7Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. ᢚီӮᆚ૮ ᢯὾೒ὢὢேⵆં୞Ϯᾓ╊૖ўᆚᅪҲᢞⵆᷚў῾ᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆં ᐗᴶὲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ ࡽᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽  ᦩᔑ᜽ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶  (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ10>Ἦᴶᢞ᫊὆ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶ ᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ᴶᢞ᫊὆ҫẞᤚ↮ᷛὦ૮ᕮேὢ⯚ⵖఆᶢὶᶢ᫊ࢆऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ὆ ↯ᤎўᆚϮ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ئѺࢆ⢮ࢎᨆὶἺ. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં3,264Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ᨆ׷὾ ὆ҫẞ3,147Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ׷὾὆3,373Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒↯ᤎўᆚϮୂ⇕Ἲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં2,453Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. 4 Њ὆ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఆᶢ᫊Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᓢ૒811Ꮶ⤞⇕Ἲ. ᨆ׷ ὾ં2,304Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં2,593Ꮶ⤞၊ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆῿ת᤟Ἦᘲᨆ ׷὾ᓢ૒ᨆ׷὾ᶾѺᓢ૒ঀἺ. ՚ᆚ᫊ḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ᴶᢞ᫊Ϯ૮ல ᫊ཪં῾ᶾᤊ᫊, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ὆↯ᤎўᆚં2ᐞ, ᆼѺં3ᐞ லئ Ѻࢆ⢮࢖. ⷛ⧎༊ ᦩᔑ᜽ ⩥ᰍ ᔍಡšญ ᕽእᜅ᪡ ᮹ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍ᜽ℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญ ᕽእᜅ᪡ ᮹ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ   ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  ᦩᔑ᜽ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ4Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὆ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆ўᆚં 1,575Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં 1,424Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં1,717Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2,453Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ878Ꮶ⤞૖▃ఊᨆ♆ཪⵎᨆ ὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉ ᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ   ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  ᦩᔑ᜽ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  - ኖ⸃2ં7Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὆ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં1,054Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં952 Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ϯఆ↮ᴸἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆2,453Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞ὢ᢯૖▃ఊᨆ ♆ཪⵎᨆὶἺ. (3) ⓶؞᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ11>Ἦᴶ ᢞ᫊὆؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷ⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚὲ. ⷲἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆῿ת᤟ - ே⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚં734Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯᴶ ఆં᢯⹗ὲ. ᫊ Ḯ὆ўᆚ὆1/3 ᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં607Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં853Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ ࢆᨆ׷὾὆῿ת᤟ὢ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં2,453Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. 4 Њ὆ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఆᶢ᫊Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᓢ૒811Ꮶ⤞⇕Ἲ. ᨆ׷ ὾ં2,304Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં2,593Ꮶ⤞၊ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆῿ת᤟Ἦᘲᨆ ׷὾ᓢ૒ᨆ׷὾ᶾѺᓢ૒ঀἺ. ՚ᆚ᫊ḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ᴶᢞ᫊Ϯ૮ல ᫊ཪં῾ᶾᤊ᫊, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ὆↯ᤎўᆚં2ᐞ, ᆼѺં3ᐞ லئ Ѻࢆ⢮࢖. ⷛ⧎༊ ᦩᔑ᜽ ⩥ᰍ ᔍಡšญ ᕽእᜅ᪡ ᮹ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍ᜽ℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญ ᕽእᜅ᪡ ᮹ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ   ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  ᦩᔑ᜽ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ4Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὆ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆ўᆚં 1,575Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં 1,424Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં1,717Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2,453Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ878Ꮶ⤞૖▃ఊᨆ♆ཪⵎᨆ ὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉ ᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ   ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  ᦩᔑ᜽ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  - ኖ⸃2ં7Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὆ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં1,054Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં952 Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ϯఆ↮ᴸἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆2,453Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞ὢ᢯૖▃ఊᨆ ♆ཪⵎᨆὶἺ. (3) ⓶؞᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ11>Ἦᴶ ᢞ᫊὆؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷ⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚὲ. ⷲἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆῿ת᤟ - ே⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚં734Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯᴶ ఆં᢯⹗ὲ. ᫊ Ḯ὆ўᆚ὆1/3 ᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં607Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં853Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ ࢆᨆ׷὾὆῿ת᤟ὢ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ4Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚં1,575Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં 1,424Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં1,717Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ734Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ841Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఊѱ Ἢ၊῿ת᤟ὢాᐞ ல࢜ᴲ↮ંᐗ᫋ὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞӪЇ Ἦ૮ல᫊὆ҫẞ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ቢ`ὢँ૒ં῾ᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ᅪୂᤒ♆ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. - ኖ⸃2ં7Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚં1,054Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં 952Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ϯఆ↮ᴸἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ734Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ320Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ ὆ҫẞ296Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊѱὲ. ᴶᢞ᫊὆ҫẞⷲᾚ25Њ὆ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ7Њ၊ў῾⹂ⵊ૒ં῾ἲϾ ᴶⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ૮ᕮேᶾⷲᾚ὆⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪἎ↮ⵊ૒ӎⵎഺ, ே ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ં8Њὲ. - ՚ᆚ᫊ḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎ ўᆚં2ᐞ லઆᶢࢆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ↯ᤎўᆚ320Ꮶ⤞↋૮ં᫒  ல၊᢯Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ᐞὢ᢯↋૮ఆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢎᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞ᫊ ὆ҫẞ૮ᕮேᶾᒲல၊ᤒ♆ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞૮ᫎў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ 1Њ᥺ୂᤒ♆ⵎҫẞᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚ ંୂϮغẺ↶ᷚ↮ંὶἺ. צ࿪ᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ૮ல᫊ᶾᤊў῾⹂ ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵎҫẞᶾંў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞὆Њᨆᅪୂӎ ဒⵎⴲẂϮὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽  ❭ᵝ᜽ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶   ࣷܳ֨ (1) ኖ⸃ லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ⸪ᾚ ⵊኖ⸃ὲ. - ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊંᓣ↮ḮӮဖఊ᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᫎ⒛೟ἲᨆ ⵷. ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᶾᤊંᢚီӮᆚᶳጢᅪᨆ⵷ⵆંӡὲ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲᾚ3Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆Ỳ♆ᅪӎဒⵆᷚ1Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞, 2Њ὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ંᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾῿ת᤟ἲ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ⵆᷚ2Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ2Њ὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ4Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚં1,575Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં 1,424Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં1,717Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ734Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ841Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఊѱ Ἢ၊῿ת᤟ὢాᐞ ல࢜ᴲ↮ંᐗ᫋ὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞӪЇ Ἦ૮ல᫊὆ҫẞ᢯૮`Ἢ၊ቢ`ὢँ૒ં῾ᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ᅪୂᤒ♆ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. - ኖ⸃2ં7Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚં1,054Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં 952Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ϯఆ↮ᴸἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ734Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ320Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ ὆ҫẞ296Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊѱὲ. ᴶᢞ᫊὆ҫẞⷲᾚ25Њ὆ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ7Њ၊ў῾⹂ⵊ૒ં῾ἲϾ ᴶⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ૮ᕮேᶾⷲᾚ὆⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪἎ↮ⵊ૒ӎⵎഺ, ே ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ં8Њὲ. - ՚ᆚ᫊ḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎ ўᆚં2ᐞ லઆᶢࢆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ↯ᤎўᆚ320Ꮶ⤞↋૮ં᫒  ல၊᢯Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ᐞὢ᢯↋૮ఆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢎᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞ᫊ ὆ҫẞ૮ᕮேᶾᒲல၊ᤒ♆ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞૮ᫎў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ 1Њ᥺ୂᤒ♆ⵎҫẞᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚ ંୂϮغẺ↶ᷚ↮ંὶἺ. צ࿪ᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ૮ல᫊ᶾᤊў῾⹂ ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵎҫẞᶾંў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞὆Њᨆᅪୂӎ ဒⵎⴲẂϮὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽  ❭ᵝ᜽ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶   ࣷܳ֨ (1) ኖ⸃ லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ⸪ᾚ ⵊኖ⸃ὲ. - ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊંᓣ↮ḮӮဖఊ᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᫎ⒛೟ἲᨆ ⵷. ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᶾᤊંᢚီӮᆚᶳጢᅪᨆ⵷ⵆંӡὲ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲᾚ3Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮὆Ỳ♆ᅪӎဒⵆᷚ1Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞, 2Њ὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ંᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾῿ת᤟ἲ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ⵆᷚ2Њ὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ2Њ὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⷛ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍ᜽ᜅ▽ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍ᜽ℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ⢽  ❭ᵝ᜽ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ13>Ἦ⫺⃪᫊὆ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶ ᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ⫺⃪᫊ંலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊᵌᤊல᫊↮ᷛὦ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞᶾᘲⵢῲᐆ `ὦ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜Ѻࢆ⢮࢖. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં6,916Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ᨆ׷὾ ὆ҫẞ8,176Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ׷὾὆6,144Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒↯ᤎўᆚϮୂئѺࢆ ⢮࢖. ὢંᵌᤊᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ὢᐆⷲ⹗ᶾᤊலᴺᨆὶೝὢ᢯૮` Ἢ၊⫺⃪᫊ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾⃿ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᘲᨆ׷૮᢯὾ᘲ἖ ὢঀᵆӎ, ᷞဧὢ࢜Ἦ⪧⇃ὢὶᶶἺ. ᫒ ў⃪↮ᅪᢢ⮢ᓢୂཪல ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾⃿ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᘲᨆ׷☣Ἦ׶⓺ே೟ல᫊↮ᷛ ᶾ⃪၊ў⃪ⵆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં7,601Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. 3 Њ὆ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఆᶢὶᶢ↯ᤎўᆚϮ⇕ᴲ…ᵪⵆ↮ᆺ, Ḓ⽶ဒ આᶢ࢖. ὢં׶⓺1ேഺጦὲ. ᫊⒛ὢ׶⓺ேᶾỲ♆ⵢὶ؞ഺጦᶾ׶ ⓺ேў⃪὾೒ἮᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾೒ὢ᫊ᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᐉ؞ ẗὢⵖ. צ࿚ࢆպᷛ՚ᕲ᢯׶⓺1ேἮ⃿ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮᥺᥻ὢ؞ഺጦ ᶾ᫊⒛ᓢ૒ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ўᆚϮئᶢ›Ἲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ⫺⃪᫊⒛, 2Њ὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶ ὲ. ῲ⒢ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં3,236Ꮶ⤞ὢ቞ᨆ׷὾ં2,490Ꮶ⤞ ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ὆ўᆚ7,601Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒4⢚၊ லϾ᥺ⵖ. - ኖ⸃2ᶾᤊல⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ં2Њᤒ♆ⵆંᐗ᫋Ἢ၊ᤊኖ ⸃1ӪўᆚંேὪⵖ. (3) ⓶؞᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ14>ં⫺⃪᫊὆؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷ⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚὲ. - ᵌᤊ ᫊⵶ೝὢἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊં᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᶳጢᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ ೟ἲૢ૧ⵆӎὶἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⷛ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍ᜽ᜅ▽ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍ᜽ℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ⢽  ❭ᵝ᜽ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ13>Ἦ⫺⃪᫊὆ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶ ᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ⫺⃪᫊ંலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊᵌᤊல᫊↮ᷛὦ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞᶾᘲⵢῲᐆ `ὦ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜Ѻࢆ⢮࢖. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં6,916Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ᨆ׷὾ ὆ҫẞ8,176Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ׷὾὆6,144Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒↯ᤎўᆚϮୂئѺࢆ ⢮࢖. ὢંᵌᤊᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ὢᐆⷲ⹗ᶾᤊலᴺᨆὶೝὢ᢯૮` Ἢ၊⫺⃪᫊ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾⃿ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᘲᨆ׷૮᢯὾ᘲ἖ ὢঀᵆӎ, ᷞဧὢ࢜Ἦ⪧⇃ὢὶᶶἺ. ᫒ ў⃪↮ᅪᢢ⮢ᓢୂཪல ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾⃿ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᘲᨆ׷☣Ἦ׶⓺ே೟ல᫊↮ᷛ ᶾ⃪၊ў⃪ⵆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮὆↯ᤎўᆚં7,601Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. 3 Њ὆ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఆᶢὶᶢ↯ᤎўᆚϮ⇕ᴲ…ᵪⵆ↮ᆺ, Ḓ⽶ဒ આᶢ࢖. ὢં׶⓺1ேഺጦὲ. ᫊⒛ὢ׶⓺ேᶾỲ♆ⵢὶ؞ഺጦᶾ׶ ⓺ேў⃪὾೒ἮᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾೒ὢ᫊ᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᐉ؞ ẗὢⵖ. צ࿚ࢆպᷛ՚ᕲ᢯׶⓺1ேἮ⃿ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮᥺᥻ὢ؞ഺጦ ᶾ᫊⒛ᓢ૒ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ўᆚϮئᶢ›Ἲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲῿ת᤟ - ኖ⸃1Ἦ⫺⃪᫊⒛, 2Њ὆⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶ ὲ. ῲ⒢ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં3,236Ꮶ⤞ὢ቞ᨆ׷὾ં2,490Ꮶ⤞ ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ὆ўᆚ7,601Ꮶ⤞ᓢ૒4⢚၊ லϾ᥺ⵖ. - ኖ⸃2ᶾᤊல⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ં2Њᤒ♆ⵆંᐗ᫋Ἢ၊ᤊኖ ⸃1ӪўᆚંேὪⵖ. (3) ⓶؞᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ14>ં⫺⃪᫊὆؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ׷ⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚὲ. - ᵌᤊ ᫊⵶ೝὢἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊં᢯ૢ, ϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᶳጢᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ ೟ἲૢ૧ⵆӎὶἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  ❭ᵝ᜽ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆῿ת᤟ - ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚં Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯआં᢯⹗ὲ. ᫊Ḯ὆ўᆚ὆1/4 ᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં Ꮶ ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ᵌᤊ᫊⒛ὢࢆऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫં૚ᆚᨆ׷὾὆῿ת᤟ὢ ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ. ⫺⃪᫊ - ⫺⃪᫊ંኖ⸃1὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ1Њ᥺ᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. צṦ὆ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἢ၊ⷲᾚḮЇἮἻ·ቢ·ேἲצ૮၊Ἆ ↮ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ⷲᾚ⫺⃪᫊ં┋17Њ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ேἪ၊՚᤟ఖ. ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ὢ⺲┋14 Њ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ே, ў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ᥺(׶⓺1ே, 2ே, 3ே)၊՚᤟ఖ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  · ὢഺ↯ᤎўᆚં1,616Ꮶ⤞ὢ቞ᨆ׷὾ં1,396Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ὢᨆ♆ ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚં1,718ᓢ૒Ḓ⽶ဒ⃲ᶢ೒ᶶἺ. ὢં ў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ת⒆ᶾᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ϯ⃪၊ў⃪ⵆӎὶ؞ഺ ጦὲ. ⅷ૮᢯὾ᶾഞཪᤊંў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ὢ⺲↯ᤎўᆚϮ આᶢࢆ↮ᆺ, ૮᢯὾ῲ⒢`ὦ⮷׎ἲᓪഺᶾંே՚ᕲᓢ૒ં૮᢯὾ ϮᏮ↿ఊ↮ᷛᶾў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆᫊↯ᤎўᆚϮϾ᥺ⵎϮ ઓ᤟ἲᓢ⃪ᷚӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃2ંў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ2Њ᥺ᤒ♆ⵆӎצṦ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ேἮצ ૮၊Ἆ↮ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ⷲᾚ17ЊἻ·ቢ·ே⃿ᶾᤊῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ὢ⺲׶⓺1~3ேᶾў῾⹂ ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ᥺, Ծ⹂ே, Ả 1~3ேᶾў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ᥺ᅪ ᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ὢഺ↯ᤎўᆚં1,672Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં1,435Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં1,818Ꮶ ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚᓢ૒Ḓ⽶ဒୂϾ᥺ ⵖ. ὢંᵌᤊᶦ׷⵶ೝὢᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ꮾ↿↮ᷛᶾў῾ᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ ♆ⵆᷮ؞ഺጦὲ. ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞὆ᤒ♆Њᨆࢆ ᒂỲϮ ⵊఎᨆὶἺ. - ⫺⃪὆ҫẞᶾலᤒ♆ⵆୂཪல2Њ ல὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᆺἲᤒ ♆ⵎᨆὶἺ. ⪧⽶, ⫺⃪᫊὆ҫẞⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚᓢ૒Ḓ ⽶ဒў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ὢ⺲὆ўᆚϮϾ᥺ⵆӎὶ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ꮾ↿↮ᷛἲ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆⃪᫊ Ꮺ῿ת᤟ⵆཫὢ⡚Ѻࢆ⢮ࢆ↮ᴸἲᨆὶ૒ં῾ἲᓢ⃪ᷚӎὶ૒.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  ❭ᵝ᜽ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆῿ת᤟ - ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚં Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯआં᢯⹗ὲ. ᫊Ḯ὆ўᆚ὆1/4 ᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆ׷὾ં Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં Ꮶ ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ᵌᤊ᫊⒛ὢࢆऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫં૚ᆚᨆ׷὾὆῿ת᤟ὢ ᢯૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ. ⫺⃪᫊ - ⫺⃪᫊ંኖ⸃1὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ1Њ᥺ᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. צṦ὆ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἢ၊ⷲᾚḮЇἮἻ·ቢ·ேἲצ૮၊Ἆ ↮ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ⷲᾚ⫺⃪᫊ં┋17Њ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ேἪ၊՚᤟ఖ. ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ὢ⺲┋14 Њ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ே, ў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ᥺(׶⓺1ே, 2ே, 3ே)၊՚᤟ఖ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  · ὢഺ↯ᤎўᆚં1,616Ꮶ⤞ὢ቞ᨆ׷὾ં1,396Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ὢᨆ♆ ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚં1,718ᓢ૒Ḓ⽶ဒ⃲ᶢ೒ᶶἺ. ὢં ў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ת⒆ᶾᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ϯ⃪၊ў⃪ⵆӎὶ؞ഺ ጦὲ. ⅷ૮᢯὾ᶾഞཪᤊંў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ὢ⺲↯ᤎўᆚϮ આᶢࢆ↮ᆺ, ૮᢯὾ῲ⒢`ὦ⮷׎ἲᓪഺᶾંே՚ᕲᓢ૒ં૮᢯὾ ϮᏮ↿ఊ↮ᷛᶾў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆᫊↯ᤎўᆚϮϾ᥺ⵎϮ ઓ᤟ἲᓢ⃪ᷚӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃2ંў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ2Њ᥺ᤒ♆ⵆӎצṦ὆Ἳ·ቢ·ேἮצ ૮၊Ἆ↮ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ⷲᾚ17ЊἻ·ቢ·ே⃿ᶾᤊῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ὢ⺲׶⓺1~3ேᶾў῾⹂ ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ᥺, Ծ⹂ே, Ả 1~3ேᶾў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ᥺ᅪ ᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ὢഺ↯ᤎўᆚં1,672Ꮶ⤞, ᨆ׷὾ં1,435Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ׷὾ં1,818Ꮶ ⤞၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚᓢ૒Ḓ⽶ဒୂϾ᥺ ⵖ. ὢંᵌᤊᶦ׷⵶ೝὢᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾Ꮾ↿↮ᷛᶾў῾ᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ ♆ⵆᷮ؞ഺጦὲ. ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ὆ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞὆ᤒ♆Њᨆࢆ ᒂỲϮ ⵊఎᨆὶἺ. - ⫺⃪὆ҫẞᶾலᤒ♆ⵆୂཪல2Њ ல὆ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᆺἲᤒ ♆ⵎᨆὶἺ. ⪧⽶, ⫺⃪᫊὆ҫẞⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚᓢ૒Ḓ ⽶ဒў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ὢ⺲὆ўᆚϮϾ᥺ⵆӎὶ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ὾Ꮾ↿↮ᷛἲ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆⃪᫊ Ꮺ῿ת᤟ⵆཫὢ⡚Ѻࢆ⢮ࢆ↮ᴸἲᨆὶ૒ં῾ἲᓢ⃪ᷚӎὶ૒.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ  يܳ (1) ኖ⸃ ⃪᫊ᷚંᵌᤊᶦ׷⵶ೝὢ૮᢯὾὾⒢Ϯ18Ϯ՚၊ࣶጢ`ᶢ὾Ⴚ὆ᫎ ႞᤟ὢ࢜Ἲ. ഺጦᶾᓢӎᤊᶾᤊῲᐆ`ὦᨆ♆ᅪ ᫊ⵆآⵆ↮ᆺ, ⵢᤋ ᶾἎ὆ⵎⴲẂϮὶἺ. ⃪᫊ᷚ - ⃪᫊ᷚંॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᆺᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃1ἮⷲᾚḮЇὢ2ЊպᷛἪ၊՚ᕲఊպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᐗᴶὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં⃪᫊ᷚἻ·ቢ·ேᨆᅪӎဒⵆᷚ3Њ὆պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. ⃪᫊ᷚંἻ·ቢ·ேἲў῾⹂ⵆ↮ᴸ ؞ഺጦᶾў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ ᅪᒲல၊ᢢ⮢ᓢ↲ᴸἺ. ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽  ᩍᵝ᜽ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶  Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ⷛ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍ᜽ᜅ▽ ⩥ᰍ᜽ℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญⷛ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ  ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  ᩍᵝ᜽ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ16>Ἦ⃪᫊᫊ᷚ὆ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ⷲᾚ᫊⒛Ӫ὆ўᆚં9,484Ꮶ⤞ὢ቞, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ὆ўᆚ᫊ᷛ9⢒၊Ϯ आંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢆॻ⓺↮ᷛ὆῿ת᤟ὢ᢯૧⽶࢜ἺἲᴺᨆὶἺ. ኖ⸃1὆ҫẞⷲᾚḮЇἮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚૖Ỳཪં῾ᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ὢ૒᥺࢜ ᴲ↮آ⵶Ἢࢆ⡞⺖ӪંᶴἺ. ᐆቢ, ኖ⸃2὆ҫẞ╊૖ўᆚ၊☏ ⵶ἲഺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊῿ת᤟ὢ4⢚ ၊૮၊࢜ᴲ↮ં೟῿ת᤟ᶾЊᤎὢὶંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ  يܳ (1) ኖ⸃ ⃪᫊ᷚંᵌᤊᶦ׷⵶ೝὢ૮᢯὾὾⒢Ϯ18Ϯ՚၊ࣶጢ`ᶢ὾Ⴚ὆ᫎ ႞᤟ὢ࢜Ἲ. ഺጦᶾᓢӎᤊᶾᤊῲᐆ`ὦᨆ♆ᅪ ᫊ⵆآⵆ↮ᆺ, ⵢᤋ ᶾἎ὆ⵎⴲẂϮὶἺ. ⃪᫊ᷚ - ⃪᫊ᷚંॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞ᆺᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃1ἮⷲᾚḮЇὢ2ЊպᷛἪ၊՚ᕲఊպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᐗᴶὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં⃪᫊ᷚἻ·ቢ·ேᨆᅪӎဒⵆᷚ3Њ὆պᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. ⃪᫊ᷚંἻ·ቢ·ேἲў῾⹂ⵆ↮ᴸ ؞ഺጦᶾў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ·ேӪ὆ўᆚ ᅪᒲல၊ᢢ⮢ᓢ↲ᴸἺ. ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽  ᩍᵝ᜽ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶  Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ  ⷛ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍ᜽ᜅ▽ ⩥ᰍ᜽ℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญⷛ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ   ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ   ᙹɪ   እᙹɪ  ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ  ᙹɪ  እᙹɪ  ⢽  ᩍᵝ᜽ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥  .FUFS  (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ ᴲ྆<ⱊ16>Ἦ⃪᫊᫊ᷚ὆ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯ὆῿ת᤟ἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ⷲᾚ᫊⒛Ӫ὆ўᆚં9,484Ꮶ⤞ὢ቞, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ὆ўᆚ᫊ᷛ9⢒၊Ϯ आંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢆॻ⓺↮ᷛ὆῿ת᤟ὢ᢯૧⽶࢜ἺἲᴺᨆὶἺ. ኖ⸃1὆ҫẞⷲᾚḮЇἮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚૖Ỳཪં῾ᶾᤊ῿ת᤟ὢ૒᥺࢜ ᴲ↮آ⵶Ἢࢆ⡞⺖ӪંᶴἺ. ᐆቢ, ኖ⸃2὆ҫẞ╊૖ўᆚ၊☏ ⵶ἲഺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊῿ת᤟ὢ4⢚ ၊૮၊࢜ᴲ↮ં೟῿ת᤟ᶾЊᤎὢὶંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ էߨ ᓦᷞ՚ં╊ת⃿ᵇ ᕮᶾᤊ▂↲ⵆӎὶં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲Ӫ  ᶾᤊ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ἲѮ⦎ⵆ؞Ỳⵢ↲⵷ఖ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆3Ϯ↮ኖ⸃⃿ᶾᤊ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲ Ṧⵆӎંኖా ў῾⹂ఊ૖Ỳᶾᤊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶳጢ⸧Ἦ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ᶳጢᅪᨆ⵷ⵆ ல။ⵆӎὶἺ. ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᶾὶᶢ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ἲѮ⦎ⵆંѱὢጢᶵᓢ૒ ⃿Ẃⵖ. - ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ંҫ؞லࢢ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺⃪, ⃪ᷚᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵎҫẞ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢᶪᆶࢆ࢜ᴲ↮ં↮צ ᨆ⃮ὢᶪᆶὦ↮ᅪ⫺ᴳⵆӎ὾ⵖ. - ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵢ4Њ᫊ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ḮᢚီӮ ᆚᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯ(᫊·՞⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮), ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎ ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆᷮἺ. ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆં؞Ӯ, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪᢢ⮢ᓢ ቢ, ⃿᥺ல᫊ϮϮᾓ⇕ӎ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛὢϮᾓآѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ⳕ đು  - ᢚီӮᆚḮӮဖⵢᤊᓪഺ, ՚ᆚḮЇἮ᥺ல᫊὆ҫẞᶾல↯ᤎўᆚ ӎ᫊⒛Ӫ὆ў♆Ϯ1⢚၊Ϯआӎ⫺⃪ં7⢚၊ᶾἏᐃⵆં᢯⹗ὲ. ҫ ؞ல὆ҫẞצࢆᆶጢⵊ஺ᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἲᤒ♆ⵢᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ἲЊᤎⵆӎὶἺ. צ࿪ᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ↯ᤎўᆚϮϾ᥺ⵆ ં⯛ὢ⡚↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪᓢቢ, ல᫊↮ᷛἮ1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯఆ↮ᴸંᐆ ቢ, ⃪ᷚࢆ⫺⃪ḮЇὢॻ⓺↮ᷛὢӣ⁢ⵆંҫẞ2⢚၊ லఆંѱ Ἢ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ՚ᆚࢆᴶ ᢞ὆ҫẞᶾંேὪⵊல᫊↮ᷛὢཪⵢலே⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚϮ150Ꮶ⤞ ல␖ὢϮὶંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ኖ⸃Ἦ2Ϯ↮၊ᤒҲⵖ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮૖Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᐗᴶὲ. ኖ⸃2 ંἻ·ቢ·ே3~4Њ૖Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆(╊૖ўᆚኖ⸃)ὲ. - ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲᢯ ૧⽶Њᤎఆં᢯⹗ὲἲᴺᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞ᫊, ⫺⃪᫊, ⃪᫊ᷚ὆ҫẞᶾ ல↯ᤎўᆚϮῶᐆᨆ⃮Ἢ၊⇕ᴲ↮ӎὶἺ. - ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆϮ`ᶢ↲૒ં῾ᶾᤊ ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. צ࿪ᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ՚ᆚ᫊὆ҫẞ150Ꮶ⤞ ல ↯ᤎўᆚϮ↋૮ⵆӎᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ8Њ὆ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵆંᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њ὆ў῾ᤪ⤞၊ὢῲⵎഺ⡚Ѻ ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↲૒ӎᓢآᶢဒẮ. ᐆቢ, ᴶᢞӪЇἮல᫊↮ᷛἮў῾ ᤪ⤞὆ᨆᅪୂઆὢંᐗᴶ೟ἲӎဒⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. - ጢᶵᓢ૒⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮ ↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ⸪ⵗఊኖ⸃ἲᤒ ⵎᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. ὢ࿞ҫẞᓣ ↮૮᢯὾Ꮾ↿↮ᷛᶾў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆѺఎҫẞ⮷׎`Ἢ ၊⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↮ં லં⡚↮ᴸἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ էߨ ᓦᷞ՚ં╊ת⃿ᵇ ᕮᶾᤊ▂↲ⵆӎὶં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲Ӫ  ᶾᤊ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ἲѮ⦎ⵆ؞Ỳⵢ↲⵷ఖ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂὆3Ϯ↮ኖ⸃⃿ᶾᤊ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲ Ṧⵆӎંኖా ў῾⹂ఊ૖Ỳᶾᤊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶳጢ⸧Ἦ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế૖ᶳጢᅪᨆ⵷ⵆ ல။ⵆӎὶἺ. ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᶾὶᶢ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ἲѮ⦎ⵆંѱὢጢᶵᓢ૒ ⃿Ẃⵖ. - ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ંҫ؞லࢢ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺⃪, ⃪ᷚᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊ ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵎҫẞ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢᶪᆶࢆ࢜ᴲ↮ં↮צ ᨆ⃮ὢᶪᆶὦ↮ᅪ⫺ᴳⵆӎ὾ⵖ. - ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵢ4Њ᫊ᢚီӮᆚ૮᢯὾ḮᢚီӮ ᆚᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯ(᫊·՞⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮), ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎ ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆᷮἺ. ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆં؞Ӯ, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪᢢ⮢ᓢ ቢ, ⃿᥺ல᫊ϮϮᾓ⇕ӎ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛὢϮᾓآѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ⳕ đು  - ᢚီӮᆚḮӮဖⵢᤊᓪഺ, ՚ᆚḮЇἮ᥺ல᫊὆ҫẞᶾல↯ᤎўᆚ ӎ᫊⒛Ӫ὆ў♆Ϯ1⢚၊Ϯआӎ⫺⃪ં7⢚၊ᶾἏᐃⵆં᢯⹗ὲ. ҫ ؞ல὆ҫẞצࢆᆶጢⵊ஺ᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἲᤒ♆ⵢᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ἲЊᤎⵆӎὶἺ. צ࿪ᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ↯ᤎўᆚϮϾ᥺ⵆ ં⯛ὢ⡚↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ὆↯ᤎўᆚᅪᓢቢ, ல᫊↮ᷛἮ1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯఆ↮ᴸંᐆ ቢ, ⃪ᷚࢆ⫺⃪ḮЇὢॻ⓺↮ᷛὢӣ⁢ⵆંҫẞ2⢚၊ லఆંѱ Ἢ၊ࢆ⢮࢖. ՚ᆚࢆᴶ ᢞ὆ҫẞᶾંேὪⵊல᫊↮ᷛὢཪⵢலே⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ὆ўᆚϮ150Ꮶ⤞ ல␖ὢϮὶંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ኖ⸃Ἦ2Ϯ↮၊ᤒҲⵖ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮૖Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᐗᴶὲ. ኖ⸃2 ંἻ·ቢ·ே3~4Њ૖Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆(╊૖ўᆚኖ⸃)ὲ. - ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲᢯ ૧⽶Њᤎఆં᢯⹗ὲἲᴺᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞ᫊, ⫺⃪᫊, ⃪᫊ᷚ὆ҫẞᶾ ல↯ᤎўᆚϮῶᐆᨆ⃮Ἢ၊⇕ᴲ↮ӎὶἺ. - ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟Ἦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆϮ`ᶢ↲૒ં῾ᶾᤊ ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. צ࿪ᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ՚ᆚ᫊὆ҫẞ150Ꮶ⤞ ல ↯ᤎўᆚϮ↋૮ⵆӎᨆ׷὾὆ҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊ૒ં῾ᶾᤊ8Њ὆ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊᨆ⵷ⵆંᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њ὆ў῾ᤪ⤞၊ὢῲⵎഺ⡚Ѻ ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↲૒ӎᓢآᶢဒẮ. ᐆቢ, ᴶᢞӪЇἮல᫊↮ᷛἮў῾ ᤪ⤞὆ᨆᅪୂઆὢંᐗᴶ೟ἲӎဒⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. - ጢᶵᓢ૒⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮ ↮Ế૖պᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ⸪ⵗఊኖ⸃ἲᤒ ⵎᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. ὢ࿞ҫẞᓣ ↮૮᢯὾Ꮾ↿↮ᷛᶾў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆѺఎҫẞ⮷׎`Ἢ ၊⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ࢜ᴲ↮ં லં⡚↮ᴸἺ.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᫒ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἦⵊ՛ᓣ↮՛Ϯᐊῲ὆⃿ẂⵊӪ ⃿ ⵆࢆཪⵎᨆὶἺ. צேᴶᷚ࿚␖ီ὆ῲ૚⒢ҲӮဖ᫒ⷆὢ↲⵷ఆᶶ ӎ, ╊תὢჲ↮ં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂᫊ᷛ⃿Ẃⵊῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦὆ⵊ⼾ ᅲὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ḮӮဖఊᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᾯ῾ӪⵊҲᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ⃿Ẃ ⵊѱἮў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⁞↯὆ⴲẂ᤟ὲ. - ᤊẦӪЇἮ૮ல᫊὆՚૖Ỳ၊ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪῲ૚ⵎҫẞᶾં՚ᶾ ᤊὢჲ↮ંᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ὢঀἲᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. צ ࿚ࢆᤊẦἲᒅᶢࢊ᫊·՞⪧⽶, ҫ؞ல὆ҫẞ᫊·՞⒛ᶾᤒ♆ఊ⽚ᇋ ᓣ↮↮Ế૖ᆺἪ၊ં⦣ⵗ`ὢӎᇌ▒⸃ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᐉં୞ⵊҲϮὶ؞ ഺጦὲ. - ෾ⵊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊ૮᢯὾ᶾѺᇌ▒⸃὆ᓢ૒ῲጦ`ὢӎ᫚லظἮ ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣጢẾ὆὾↶ல⃿Ẃ ⵆ↮ᆺ, ጢᶵᓢ૒லӮဖఊὪဖ὆ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶં׊ኖᅪ⹃ ᓢⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᐞ♆ఊ1~3ታ὆ᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣጢẾὢ ᤊ၊᩶⭪ᘲῲἲ⃪ӎ⦣ⵗ`ὦᢚီӮᆚᅪ↲⵷ⵆંѱἮᢚ᫒᢯ᶢ ဒẮ. ෾ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᨆϮࣶጢᆼᴲᤊῲ⯛`ὦὦẾ▗ẾலᶢဒẢ᢯ ⹗ὲ. - Ѻ૒ϮἻ·ቢ·ேἮᓣ↮ើᆺᴲશཪᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᓣⵗ`ὦᏪẾᶳጢᅪ⒆ ᆚⵆӎ↮ᷛᢚ⹺⵷ᢚᅪᨆ⵷ⵆંӡὲ. ഺጦᶾἻ·ቢ·ேἮᆶ♆ᘂ྇⸮ ⒆࿪ὦဓἮઆᶢࢆ↮ᆺצ⺖ӪϮ⡚Ѻࢆ⢮ࢆ↮ᴸં᢯⹗ὲ. - ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ᫚ϯⵆѺ⻪᥾ఆ↮ᴸંᤎᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞὆ᤒ♆ં׊ኖ὆ҫ ᫒ⷲἲ⦣ⵢᓢ૒ῲጦ`ὢӎ⦣ⵗ` ὦᤊᘲ᪒ ӣὢϮઓⵊ՚⁞ᅪᆶဖⵆંѱὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ጢᶵᓢ ૒⦣ⵗ⁞ᢚᅪᘲၝⵊϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ⦣ⵗ`Ἢ၊Ӯᆚⵆં೟ᓢ૒ ᐊῲ`ὦῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἢ၊ࢆ϶ᨆὶં؞⪮ἲᆶဖⵆંѱὲ. ₙŁྙ⨭  < ₙŁྙ⨭ > Ѓ⸊׊Ṧ   ⷤ↮ᐗ὾♆૖⒢ᓣ↮ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ᐗᴶᷞ՚ⷥⵊ՛ᓢѢᢚ⹺ᷞ՚Ế Ѓ⸊׊(1998). “ⵊ՛὆ӣӣᓣ↮ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦᫒ⷆ὆᤟Ӫᕲᤋ-ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺ᅪ ⃿᫚Ἢ၊”. ᷞᤦᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᷞ՚(5). 1~36. ՛ጢ⁞ ᫒· ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ(2013.9.10). “ᓢல὾Ⴚ-ᇌ▒⸃ᓣ↮ῲ૚⒢Ҳ՚▃ᐗᴶ”. خጦת(2005).  ᫎᾓᵎὦ὆ᢚ⹺ᓣ֮؞ᤒ῿ת᤟ӪὢẗᶾӮⵊᷞ՚ ᤊẦ૮ⵇԾ ᤋᢚⵇỲ४ጦ. خᷯ⁳(2010). ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮⵷  ᤊẦ: ⵇ↮ᢚ. லἎ။(2010). ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ὢҞ⸪ὢ⃪ᷚ᤟὆૒ጦ⹂Ϯ ↮Ếᤪ⤞ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ᆺ ᶾᏦ♆ંᷯⶓ , ᤊẦ૮ⵇԾ૮ⵇẾᤋᢚⵇỲ४ጦ. ᐟⵇᷯ ἒᏪᤋ(2007). “ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ὢ०ὦ὆ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẂᶾᏦ♆ંᷯⶓ”. ⵊ՛ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ⵇ⹺2007लலᤦҲⵇᨎ૮⹺὾Ⴚ↿. 219-225. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ(2012). 2012 ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮⦣ⵗᶳጢᴶࢢ . ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ. ᤟ἮᏦṦ(2012). ӣӣᓣ↮ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ᷞ՚ . ҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ૖. ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ↮ல၊ᓢંҫ؞லἻቢேᓣ↮ẃ՚ . ҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ૖. ὢ᤟؞Ṧ. 1995. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺ኖ⸃Њᐊᏽ1␖लலẢᷯ⮷Ϯ . ⵊ՛ᓢѢᢚ⹺ᷞ՚Ế. ὢᾚḲ ⶶᤎ(2000). “ᓢἏᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⒢Ҳ὆ᐊῲᐗᴶᶾӮⵊᷞ՚”. ⵊ՛ᷯἎ ᴲᓢἏⵇ 21, 183-203.  ὦئ(1992). “ᤊẦ᫊ࢢӮӿ↮὆ᾓᵎὦ῿ת᤟⹃ᓢᅪỲⵊ⮦὆᫊ᤒᶾӮⵊᷞ ՚”. ૮ⵇѢ▃ⵗ⹺४ጦ↿ , 22(7), 3-10. ⁞૮ⶺ ᫎ ᷫ خЃᷯ ὢѢⵇ(2010). “ॻ⓺↮ᷛӣӣᓢѢᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊӣϲ `῿ת᤟ᕲᤋ”. ⵊ՛↮ᷛ↮ᆚⵇ⹺↮ 16(2), 137-153.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᫒ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἦⵊ՛ᓣ↮՛Ϯᐊῲ὆⃿ẂⵊӪ ⃿ ⵆࢆཪⵎᨆὶἺ. צேᴶᷚ࿚␖ီ὆ῲ૚⒢ҲӮဖ᫒ⷆὢ↲⵷ఆᶶ ӎ, ╊תὢჲ↮ં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂᫊ᷛ⃿Ẃⵊῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦὆ⵊ⼾ ᅲὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ḮӮဖఊᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᾯ῾ӪⵊҲᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ⃿Ẃ ⵊѱἮў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⁞↯὆ⴲẂ᤟ὲ. - ᤊẦӪЇἮ૮ல᫊὆՚૖Ỳ၊ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪῲ૚ⵎҫẞᶾં՚ᶾ ᤊὢჲ↮ંᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ῿ת᤟ὢঀἲᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. צ ࿚ࢆᤊẦἲᒅᶢࢊ᫊·՞⪧⽶, ҫ؞ல὆ҫẞ᫊·՞⒛ᶾᤒ♆ఊ⽚ᇋ ᓣ↮↮Ế૖ᆺἪ၊ં⦣ⵗ`ὢӎᇌ▒⸃ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᐉં୞ⵊҲϮὶ؞ ഺጦὲ. - ෾ⵊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊ૮᢯὾ᶾѺᇌ▒⸃὆ᓢ૒ῲጦ`ὢӎ᫚லظἮ ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣጢẾ὆὾↶ல⃿Ẃ ⵆ↮ᆺ, ጢᶵᓢ૒லӮဖఊὪဖ὆ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶં׊ኖᅪ⹃ ᓢⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᐞ♆ఊ1~3ታ὆ᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣጢẾὢ ᤊ၊᩶⭪ᘲῲἲ⃪ӎ⦣ⵗ`ὦᢚီӮᆚᅪ↲⵷ⵆંѱἮᢚ᫒᢯ᶢ ဒẮ. ෾ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᨆϮࣶጢᆼᴲᤊῲ⯛`ὦὦẾ▗ẾலᶢဒẢ᢯ ⹗ὲ. - Ѻ૒ϮἻ·ቢ·ேἮᓣ↮ើᆺᴲશཪᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᓣⵗ`ὦᏪẾᶳጢᅪ⒆ ᆚⵆӎ↮ᷛᢚ⹺⵷ᢚᅪᨆ⵷ⵆંӡὲ. ഺጦᶾἻ·ቢ·ேἮᆶ♆ᘂ྇⸮ ⒆࿪ὦဓἮઆᶢࢆ↮ᆺצ⺖ӪϮ⡚Ѻࢆ⢮ࢆ↮ᴸં᢯⹗ὲ. - ὢ࿞☏ቢᶾᤊ⃪Ꮺ῿ת᤟ὢ᫚ϯⵆѺ⻪᥾ఆ↮ᴸંᤎᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞὆ᤒ♆ં׊ኖ὆ҫ ᫒ⷲἲ⦣ⵢᓢ૒ῲጦ`ὢӎ⦣ⵗ` ὦᤊᘲ᪒ ӣὢϮઓⵊ՚⁞ᅪᆶဖⵆંѱὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ጢᶵᓢ ૒⦣ⵗ⁞ᢚᅪᘲၝⵊϯ⁳ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ⦣ⵗ`Ἢ၊Ӯᆚⵆં೟ᓢ૒ ᐊῲ`ὦῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἢ၊ࢆ϶ᨆὶં؞⪮ἲᆶဖⵆંѱὲ. ₙŁྙ⨭  < ₙŁྙ⨭ > Ѓ⸊׊Ṧ   ⷤ↮ᐗ὾♆૖⒢ᓣ↮ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ᐗᴶᷞ՚ⷥⵊ՛ᓢѢᢚ⹺ᷞ՚Ế Ѓ⸊׊(1998). “ⵊ՛὆ӣӣᓣ↮ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦᫒ⷆ὆᤟Ӫᕲᤋ-ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺ᅪ ⃿᫚Ἢ၊”. ᷞᤦᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᷞ՚(5). 1~36. ՛ጢ⁞ ᫒· ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ(2013.9.10). “ᓢல὾Ⴚ-ᇌ▒⸃ᓣ↮ῲ૚⒢Ҳ՚▃ᐗᴶ”. خጦת(2005).  ᫎᾓᵎὦ὆ᢚ⹺ᓣ֮؞ᤒ῿ת᤟ӪὢẗᶾӮⵊᷞ՚ ᤊẦ૮ⵇԾ ᤋᢚⵇỲ४ጦ. خᷯ⁳(2010). ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮⵷  ᤊẦ: ⵇ↮ᢚ. லἎ။(2010). ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ὢҞ⸪ὢ⃪ᷚ᤟὆૒ጦ⹂Ϯ ↮Ếᤪ⤞ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ᆺ ᶾᏦ♆ંᷯⶓ , ᤊẦ૮ⵇԾ૮ⵇẾᤋᢚⵇỲ४ጦ. ᐟⵇᷯ ἒᏪᤋ(2007). “ᤊᘲ᪒῿ת᤟ὢ०ὦ὆ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẂᶾᏦ♆ંᷯⶓ”. ⵊ՛ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ⵇ⹺2007लலᤦҲⵇᨎ૮⹺὾Ⴚ↿. 219-225. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ(2012). 2012 ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮⦣ⵗᶳጢᴶࢢ . ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ. ᤟ἮᏦṦ(2012). ӣӣᓣ↮ῲ૚⒢ҲЊ⮦ᷞ՚ . ҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ૖. ᤟ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ↮ல၊ᓢંҫ؞லἻቢேᓣ↮ẃ՚ . ҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ૖. ὢ᤟؞Ṧ. 1995. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢ᥺ኖ⸃Њᐊᏽ1␖लலẢᷯ⮷Ϯ . ⵊ՛ᓢѢᢚ⹺ᷞ՚Ế. ὢᾚḲ ⶶᤎ(2000). “ᓢἏᤊᘲ᪒ῲ૚⒢Ҳ὆ᐊῲᐗᴶᶾӮⵊᷞ՚”. ⵊ՛ᷯἎ ᴲᓢἏⵇ 21, 183-203.  ὦئ(1992). “ᤊẦ᫊ࢢӮӿ↮὆ᾓᵎὦ῿ת᤟⹃ᓢᅪỲⵊ⮦὆᫊ᤒᶾӮⵊᷞ ՚”. ૮ⵇѢ▃ⵗ⹺४ጦ↿ , 22(7), 3-10. ⁞૮ⶺ ᫎ ᷫ خЃᷯ ὢѢⵇ(2010). “ॻ⓺↮ᷛӣӣᓢѢᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊӣϲ `῿ת᤟ᕲᤋ”. ⵊ՛↮ᷛ↮ᆚⵇ⹺↮ 16(2), 137-153.

 ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ঑ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ╊ᷯ(2010). “ᓢἏᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᕮኖ὆ᓢἏ῿ת᤟ᆺ லᏽᤊᘲ᪒ẃ՚ᘲԾᷞ ՚: ᤊẦ⪧ᒲ᫊ᅪ⃿᫚Ἢ၊”. ⵊ՛ᷯἎᴲᓢἏⵇ , 10(1), 73-98. ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008). “ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮᫊ᤒ὆ӣϲ῿ת᤟ᶾӮⵊ᫒↋ᷞ՚: ўᆚ☏ Ӫ᫊ϲў ᆚ☏ ᶾ૮ⵊᘲԾᕲᤋ”. ᢚ⹺ᓣ↮ᷞ՚ , 37, 35-62. Guagliardo, M.F. 2004. "Spatial accessibility of primary care: Concepts, methods and challenges". International Journal of Health Geographics, 3(3). http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/3/1/3. Guagliardo, M.F., Ronzio, D.R., Cheung, K., Chacko, E. & Joseph, J.G. (2004). "Physician accessbility: An urban case study of pediatric providers", Health & Place, 10(3), 273-283. Kim, H. (2005). "A GIS-based analysis of spatial patterns of individual accessibility: A critical examination of spatial accessibility". Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 40(5), 514-532. Mobley, L. (1998). "Effects of selective contracting on hospital efficiency, costs and accessibility". Health Economics Health Econ, 7, 1998. Niemeier, D. A.(1997). "Accessibility: An evaluation using consumer welfare". Transportation, 24. 377-396. Penchansky, R. & Thomas, J. W. (1981). The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Medical Care, 19(2), 127-140. Ğʑᅖḡᰍ݉((8'3&1035⾉ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ঑ෙᱲɝᖒᩑǍ Ñᱱ݉᭥᮹ᅖḡᨦྕᙹ⧪ႊ᜾ᮥᵲᝍᮝಽ ၽ⧪ᯝ ֥ᬵ ၽ⧪ᯙ ᯙĞᕾ ၽ⧪⃹ Ğʑᅖḡᰍ݉ Ğʑࠥᙹᬱ᜽❵ݍǍᯙĥಽ뿸G 5FM'BY )PNFQBHFXXXHHXGPSLS