((8' 3FQPSU۵ᔍ⫭ᅖḡᇥ᮹ᵝ⩥ᦩᨱš⦹ᩍᱶ₦᮹ႊ⨆ᖅᱶŝ ᝅ⩥ᨱࠥᬡᮥᵝŁᯱ ᩑǍ⻱᳑ᔍෝ☖⦽ᱶ₦ᱽᦩᯕӹᦥᯕॵᨕෝᱽ ⦹Łᯱ᯲ᖒࡽᯱഭ᯦ܩ݅ ᅙᅕŁᕽ۵Ğʑᅖḡᰍ݉᮹Ŗᱢᯙ᯦ᰆŝ݅ෝᙹᯩܩ ݅ᅙᅕŁᕽ᮹ ԕᬊŝšಉ⦽᮹čᯕӹྙ᮹ᔍ⧎ᯕᯩᮝ໕ᦥ௹ಽᩑᵝʑၵ௮ܩ݅ 5FM'BY&NBJMEBSLWBMFO!OBWFSDPN
((8' 3FQPSU۵ᔍ⫭ᅖḡᇥ᮹ᵝ⩥ᦩᨱš⦹ᩍᱶ₦᮹ႊ⨆ᖅᱶŝ ᝅ⩥ᨱࠥᬡᮥᵝŁᯱ ᩑǍ⻱᳑ᔍෝ☖⦽ᱶ₦ᱽᦩᯕӹᦥᯕॵᨕෝᱽ ⦹Łᯱ᯲ᖒࡽᯱഭ᯦ܩ݅ ᅙᅕŁᕽ۵Ğʑᅖḡᰍ݉᮹Ŗᱢᯙ᯦ᰆŝ݅ෝᙹᯩܩ ݅ᅙᅕŁᕽ᮹ ԕᬊŝšಉ⦽᮹čᯕӹྙ᮹ᔍ⧎ᯕᯩᮝ໕ᦥ௹ಽᩑᵝʑၵ௮ܩ݅ 5FM'BY&NBJMEBSLWBMFO!OBWFSDPN
J᧞ ᓦᷞ՚ં╊תᵇ ᕮᶾᤊ▂↲ⵆӎὶં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲Ӫ ᶾ ў῾Ỳ၊⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞၊ᤒ♆ఆᶶἲഺ⃪Ꮺתὢ࢜ᴲ↮ં லᅪᕲᤋ ⵆ؞Ỳⵢ↲ఆᶶ. ὢᅪỲⵢᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં؞תᷞ՚Ḯંᆚ↯`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮ ᆚ૮ḮӮဖᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯ(᫊·՞, ጢⵊᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᢚጢ )Ӫ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆᷚתἲ☏ ⵊ. ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צ ྖἲ⹊ẗⵢᷞ՚ᅪ↲ⵊ. ᷞ՚૮↮ᷛἮல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊ંல᫊ὦ ՚ᆚ, ૮ல᫊ὦᴶᢞ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊⫺⃪, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊⃪ᷚᅪᤎ ⵆ ᷮ. תἮ⒙⇦, ᢚီӮᆚӮဖᤊᘲ᪒תె⇦, ⓶؞ૢᏽϯᓣ↮ᤊ ᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ӪӮဖఊתἪ၊՚ᕲⵊ. ⵊல᫊ኖ⸃(ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ኖ⸃), லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ(ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ᢚီӮᆚᅪૢ૧ⵆં⽚ᇋᓣ↮ ↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞), ॻ⓺↮ᷛ(⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞)၊՚ᕲⵊ. ᷞ՚ኖ⸃Ἦ2Ϯ↮ኖ⸃Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵆᷚ1ኖ⸃ᶾᤊંⷲᾚ↮ᷛᢚࢢᶾὶં ጢⵊᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃, 2ኖ⸃ἮQ-GIS ᅪ⹊ẗⵢϮᾓ╊ўᆚᅪᓢὢંኖ⸃ὢ. ὢᶾⵆቢ, ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾ૮ⵊתἮ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆϮ`ᶢ↲ ં῾ ᶾᤊ⃪ ᏪתἮ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴંѱὢᢚὢ. צᶾலᕶ՚ ⵆӎ, ՚ᆚ᫊ḮЇἮல᫊ҫẞצ லϮ⡚↮ᴸᴲᤊ 150Ꮶ⤞ ல↯ᤎўᆚϮ↋૮ⵆӎᨆҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊ.
J᧞ ᓦᷞ՚ં╊תᵇ ᕮᶾᤊ▂↲ⵆӎὶં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲Ӫ ᶾ ў῾Ỳ၊⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞၊ᤒ♆ఆᶶἲഺ⃪Ꮺתὢ࢜ᴲ↮ં லᅪᕲᤋ ⵆ؞Ỳⵢ↲ఆᶶ. ὢᅪỲⵢᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં؞תᷞ՚Ḯંᆚ↯`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮ ᆚ૮ḮӮဖᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯ(᫊·՞, ጢⵊᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᢚጢ )Ӫ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆᷚתἲ☏ ⵊ. ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צ ྖἲ⹊ẗⵢᷞ՚ᅪ↲ⵊ. ᷞ՚૮↮ᷛἮல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊ંல᫊ὦ ՚ᆚ, ૮ல᫊ὦᴶᢞ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊⫺⃪, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊⃪ᷚᅪᤎ ⵆ ᷮ. תἮ⒙⇦, ᢚီӮᆚӮဖᤊᘲ᪒תె⇦, ⓶؞ૢᏽϯᓣ↮ᤊ ᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ӪӮဖఊתἪ၊՚ᕲⵊ. ⵊல᫊ኖ⸃(ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ኖ⸃), லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ(ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ᢚီӮᆚᅪૢ૧ⵆં⽚ᇋᓣ↮ ↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞), ॻ⓺↮ᷛ(⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞)၊՚ᕲⵊ. ᷞ՚ኖ⸃Ἦ2Ϯ↮ኖ⸃Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵆᷚ1ኖ⸃ᶾᤊંⷲᾚ↮ᷛᢚࢢᶾὶં ጢⵊᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃, 2ኖ⸃ἮQ-GIS ᅪ⹊ẗⵢϮᾓ╊ўᆚᅪᓢὢંኖ⸃ὢ. ὢᶾⵆቢ, ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾ૮ⵊתἮ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆϮ`ᶢ↲ ં῾ ᶾᤊ⃪ ᏪתἮ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴંѱὢᢚὢ. צᶾலᕶ՚ ⵆӎ, ՚ᆚ᫊ḮЇἮல᫊ҫẞצ லϮ⡚↮ᴸᴲᤊ 150Ꮶ⤞ ல↯ᤎўᆚϮ↋૮ⵆӎᨆҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊ.
JJ ᐆቢ, ᴶᢞӪЇἮல᫊↮ᷛἮў῾ᤪ⤞ᨆᅪୂઆὢંᐗᴶἲӎဒ ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵆ. ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ ⤞Ϯ⸪ⵗఊኖ⸃ἲᤒ ⵎᨆᐄᶾᶴ. ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ⃪Ꮺת Ἦў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếኖాᶾᤊתὢ⡚ѺЊᤎఊ. ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊᨆⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊתἮᶢඒ↮ᷛἲў῾Ἢ၊ ᤒ ⵆࢾᶾഞཪ↯ᤎўᆚϮ⡚Ѻઆᶢࢆ↮ᴸંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢚. ᆶ↮ᆷ⃪᫊ᷚંॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊתἮঀᴲ↮ંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢚. JJJ ࡧ ఙ Ɇ ছߨ 1. ᷞ՚ᐞҫᏽኗ` 1 2. ᷞ՚ᐗᒃ 4 3. ᷞ՚ⵊҲ 6 ɇ ଲߨୡՑഠ 1. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ⷲ⹗ӪӪ 7 2. תᏦḮἎ⸃ 13 Ɉ ֜ডծ 1. ᕲᤋᐗᒃᏽᷞ՚Ⴚ 21 2. ᕲᤋኖ⸃ 23 ɉ ंজէր 1. Ὢᐆⷲ⹗ 25 2. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᶾഞᅦתᒮ⹂ 34 Ɋ էߨ Gఞճࢂෝ
JJ ᐆቢ, ᴶᢞӪЇἮல᫊↮ᷛἮў῾ᤪ⤞ᨆᅪୂઆὢંᐗᴶἲӎဒ ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵆ. ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ ⤞Ϯ⸪ⵗఊኖ⸃ἲᤒ ⵎᨆᐄᶾᶴ. ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ⃪Ꮺת Ἦў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếኖాᶾᤊתὢ⡚ѺЊᤎఊ. ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊᨆⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊתἮᶢඒ↮ᷛἲў῾Ἢ၊ ᤒ ⵆࢾᶾഞཪ↯ᤎўᆚϮ⡚Ѻઆᶢࢆ↮ᴸંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢚. ᆶ↮ᆷ⃪᫊ᷚંॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊתἮঀᴲ↮ંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮࢚. JJJ ࡧ ఙ Ɇ ছߨ 1. ᷞ՚ᐞҫᏽኗ` 1 2. ᷞ՚ᐗᒃ 4 3. ᷞ՚ⵊҲ 6 ɇ ଲߨୡՑഠ 1. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ⷲ⹗ӪӪ 7 2. תᏦḮἎ⸃ 13 Ɉ ֜ডծ 1. ᕲᤋᐗᒃᏽᷞ՚Ⴚ 21 2. ᕲᤋኖ⸃ 23 ɉ ंজէր 1. Ὢᐆⷲ⹗ 25 2. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᶾഞᅦתᒮ⹂ 34 Ɋ էߨ Gఞճࢂෝ
ⳑ ᕽು ছߨ ᩑǍ႑Ğၰ༊ᱢ ٍĵѕą ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἢ၊⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ - ⃪Ꮺᣋ⹊↮Ế՛⒢ҲⵊҲ(ᕲᶳ⹂, ♦ᆷὢ ), ᢚᓣ↮↯ӣጢẾ ήഞᅦᢢጦ ၊ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ᶾӮὢ↋૮ⵢḒӎὶἺ. - ὢᅪỲⵢᢶ ᕮ▊ᒂὢ⺲⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂Ϯ▂↲ఆᶢḢ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂؞ᓦ◖↮ં⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᷚ⢮૮Ꮺᤊᘲ᪒ᶳጢં᫊· ՞·՚၊ὢӮⵆӎ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᓣ↮ᶳጢῲૢᕮᤊ၊ῲ⹆ⵆҎંѱὲ. ὢᅪỲⵢ ᕮᶾᤊં⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃, ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ኖ⸃ ᫊ - ὢᶾᤊⷲᾚ2014ल6Ểغ↮؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲẞᤎ▂↲ⵆӎ, ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃Ἦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ⦣ⵢ⹃૮▂↲ⵆҎӎᐊⱊⵖ(ᢚ ᓢᾓỲẾ4␖ҞӪ). - צ࿚ࢆ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἮⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ே؞ઓЃ⹂ᶾ↿ⵊં῾ᶾᤊ ⷲᾚ♦ᆷὢ ጦ , ⦣ⵗ`ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣⵊҲ⃪Ꮺᣋ⹊↮Ế ՛⒢ҲⵊҲᅪקᓣⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ.
ⳑ ᕽು ছߨ ᩑǍ႑Ğၰ༊ᱢ ٍĵѕą ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἢ၊⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ - ⃪Ꮺᣋ⹊↮Ế՛⒢ҲⵊҲ(ᕲᶳ⹂, ♦ᆷὢ ), ᢚᓣ↮↯ӣጢẾ ήഞᅦᢢጦ ၊ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ᶾӮὢ↋૮ⵢḒӎὶἺ. - ὢᅪỲⵢᢶ ᕮ▊ᒂὢ⺲⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂Ϯ▂↲ఆᶢḢ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂؞ᓦ◖↮ં⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᷚ⢮૮Ꮺᤊᘲ᪒ᶳጢં᫊· ՞·՚၊ὢӮⵆӎ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᓣ↮ᶳጢῲૢᕮᤊ၊ῲ⹆ⵆҎંѱὲ. ὢᅪỲⵢ ᕮᶾᤊં⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃, ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ኖ⸃ ᫊ - ὢᶾᤊⷲᾚ2014ल6Ểغ↮؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲẞᤎ▂↲ⵆӎ, ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃Ἦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ⦣ⵢ⹃૮▂↲ⵆҎӎᐊⱊⵖ(ᢚ ᓢᾓỲẾ4␖ҞӪ). - צ࿚ࢆ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἮⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ே؞ઓЃ⹂ᶾ↿ⵊં῾ᶾᤊ ⷲᾚ♦ᆷὢ ጦ , ⦣ⵗ`ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣⵊҲ⃪Ꮺᣋ⹊↮Ế ՛⒢ҲⵊҲᅪקᓣⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ὢᶾᵇ ᕮ ᐗⶓӪᇌጪဒᾓ؞`Ἢ၊ў῾ᓣ↮ ᢚጢϮᤒ♆ఊં῾ᶾᤊ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᶾ૮ⵊ`ק `ὦѮ⦎ϮⴲẂⵖ. צ࿚ࢆᕮᕲў῾⸃, ў῾⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃ӪЇὢⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேᓢ⡞ў῾ Ỳᶾᤊᓣ↮ᶳጢῲૢᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં⃪ Ꮺתᶾ૮ⵊѮ ⦎Ϯῲ ఆᶢᵪⵖ. - ᓣ↮ᢚጢ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ, ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢ᫊ᒂᢚᶳᶾᤊẂⵆѺ↮`ఆ ᶶጦ Ϯᐂ၊⃪ ᏪתὢᶶἺ(Ѓ⸊, 1998; ἮᏦṦ, 2012). ᕲ ЊाὢலέఆᶶآἪࢆ᫊·՞૧1Њᤒ♆ఊᓣ↮ᢚጢંቢ` ὢँӎԾ⦣ὢᕶ⮦ⵊ↮ᷛҫẞጪᆚ`תὢ࢜ᵆἺ. ὢᶾῲ ⒢ҲЊ⮦ኖ⸃ἲᤒҲⵆંӪ ᶾᤊⵛᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗת ጦ ંẂⵊⵢҞӪ ၊ᾓⵢṂἺ. ў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ҫẞᶾலⷲᾚḮЇὢ↿ϮغẢ⃪Ꮺ ᤪ⤞ࢆቢᢚጢϮᴲશཪᷴ↮⃪ᷛᏪᤪ⤞ࢆቢᢚጢᐗጦἲῲ ၊ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ഺጦᶾў῾Ἢ၊ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪⶶᗺ⹂ⵎҫẞᓣ↮ᢚጢ᫊ᒂᢚ ᶳᶾᤊҫⷆೝὢ⃪Ꮺתᴳ⹂ཪંᘲ⫾ἲᐉἲᷚ↮ϮঀἺ. 10ЊẢᷯఆ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊ ▂↲ⵊӎⵎഺ, ጪᆚ`ὦתὢ࢜ᴲ↮ંѱἮ૧ᷞⵊὪὢཪⵎ ᨆὶἺ. צᆚӎ⃪ᏪתὢϯⵆѺ⻪ఊቢὢኖ⸃ἲⷆ ⵆ؞ᶢဒẢѱὢᢚὲ. - ഺጦᶾў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃ӪЇὢў῾Ỳᓣ↮ῲૢᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵊ ંѱἮẂⵊᅪϮ↲ӎⵎഺ, Ӫ⃪ᷞᏪתἮᶪᆶࢆ ࢜ᴲ↮ં↮, ϯⵊᨆ⃮ὦ↮ᶾ૮ⵊ῾Ѯὢᤎఆᶢᵪⵖ. ⳑ ᕽು צ࿚ࢆ⃪Ꮺתἲ⒢Ҳ`Ἢ၊☏ ⵊᷞ՚ંўᶴં⹗ὲ. - Mckinlay(1971)Ἦתἲ↮ᆚ`ת, ҫ `ת, ᢚ·ᆚ` ת, ⁞↯ᏽῲ⒢ҲתἪ၊՚ᕲⵆӎὶἺ. ὢ࿚ⵊת, תϮઓἮỲᶾᤊ ؞ೝὢᷚ࿚Ϯ↮␖ẾἪ၊ᤒታఆ↮ᆺ, ⃪ ၊ӣϲ`תᶾ↿ఆᶢὶἺ. - ӣϲ`ὦתᶾ૮ⵊᷞ՚ં⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008)Ϯ↮`ⵆӎὶೝὢ⢮ ᕲᵪᶾᤊ⃪၊⹊ẗఆᶢṂἺ. ᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊંᤊᘲ᪒ӣ૮ᘲᤊ ᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵢ⁞ᢚⵖ. ⸧Ἦᓣ↮ᢚጢῲ⒢Ҳת ᶾ૮ⵢᤊં⃪ᏪᶾѺӮဖ؞Ӯغ↮ὢேⵆંѦᆚં᫊ϲἲጩ ўࢆ⃪Ӯ`ὦתᶾ૮ⵊὦ᫋⸧Ἦᆺ லᅪ⃪၊↶ጦⵖ(ὢ؞ Ṧ, 1995). - צ࿚ࢆתἲᤎᷞ՚ḮЇὢ⁞ᢚⵎҫẞጪᆚ`ὦתἲ ⹃ⵆѺ⫺ᴳⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. ⅷὢேўᆚᶾ૮ⵊ↶ጦᶾ૮ⵢᓣ↮ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗં૮ᕮᕲ30ᕲᶾᤊ1᫊ϲ૮ྣ`ὦὢே᫊ϲἪ၊Ἷ ૣⵖ. ⵊתᶾ૮ⵊᆺ லં⃪Ӯ`ὦὦ᫋ὲ. ഺጦᶾЋӮ`ὦ תὢཪᓢ؞ᶢဒẮ. ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊў῾Ἢ၊⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ὢ᷶ఆં⹗ᶾᤊ ጪᆚ`ὦ⃪ Ꮺתᶾ૮ⵊᓢ Ꮾⵊᷞ՚ϮⴲẂⵆӎⵎᨆὶἺ. ٍĵЀۺ ᓦᷞ՚ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪᓣ↮૮ў⃪↮Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᅪἪ၊ תἲ☏ . ⵊἻ·ቢ·ே⪧ Ἳ·ቢ·ேἲў῾Ἢ၊ᤒ ⵎҫẞ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢתἲ ☏ ⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ંᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚ૮ᶾ↿ⵖ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ὢᶾᵇ ᕮ ᐗⶓӪᇌጪဒᾓ؞`Ἢ၊ў῾ᓣ↮ ᢚጢϮᤒ♆ఊં῾ᶾᤊ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᶾ૮ⵊ`ק `ὦѮ⦎ϮⴲẂⵖ. צ࿚ࢆᕮᕲў῾⸃, ў῾⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃ӪЇὢⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேᓢ⡞ў῾ Ỳᶾᤊᓣ↮ᶳጢῲૢᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં⃪ Ꮺתᶾ૮ⵊѮ ⦎Ϯῲ ఆᶢᵪⵖ. - ᓣ↮ᢚጢ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ, ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢ᫊ᒂᢚᶳᶾᤊẂⵆѺ↮`ఆ ᶶጦ Ϯᐂ၊⃪ ᏪתὢᶶἺ(Ѓ⸊, 1998; ἮᏦṦ, 2012). ᕲ ЊाὢலέఆᶶآἪࢆ᫊·՞૧1Њᤒ♆ఊᓣ↮ᢚጢંቢ` ὢँӎԾ⦣ὢᕶ⮦ⵊ↮ᷛҫẞጪᆚ`תὢ࢜ᵆἺ. ὢᶾῲ ⒢ҲЊ⮦ኖ⸃ἲᤒҲⵆંӪ ᶾᤊⵛᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗת ጦ ંẂⵊⵢҞӪ ၊ᾓⵢṂἺ. ў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ҫẞᶾலⷲᾚḮЇὢ↿ϮغẢ⃪Ꮺ ᤪ⤞ࢆቢᢚጢϮᴲશཪᷴ↮⃪ᷛᏪᤪ⤞ࢆቢᢚጢᐗጦἲῲ ၊ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ഺጦᶾў῾Ἢ၊ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪⶶᗺ⹂ⵎҫẞᓣ↮ᢚጢ᫊ᒂᢚ ᶳᶾᤊҫⷆೝὢ⃪Ꮺתᴳ⹂ཪંᘲ⫾ἲᐉἲᷚ↮ϮঀἺ. 10ЊẢᷯఆ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊ ▂↲ⵊӎⵎഺ, ጪᆚ`ὦתὢ࢜ᴲ↮ંѱἮ૧ᷞⵊὪὢཪⵎ ᨆὶἺ. צᆚӎ⃪ᏪתὢϯⵆѺ⻪ఊቢὢኖ⸃ἲⷆ ⵆ؞ᶢဒẢѱὢᢚὲ. - ഺጦᶾў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃ӪЇὢў῾Ỳᓣ↮ῲૢᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵊ ંѱἮẂⵊᅪϮ↲ӎⵎഺ, Ӫ⃪ᷞᏪתἮᶪᆶࢆ ࢜ᴲ↮ં↮, ϯⵊᨆ⃮ὦ↮ᶾ૮ⵊ῾Ѯὢᤎఆᶢᵪⵖ. ⳑ ᕽು צ࿚ࢆ⃪Ꮺתἲ⒢Ҳ`Ἢ၊☏ ⵊᷞ՚ંўᶴં⹗ὲ. - Mckinlay(1971)Ἦתἲ↮ᆚ`ת, ҫ `ת, ᢚ·ᆚ` ת, ⁞↯ᏽῲ⒢ҲתἪ၊՚ᕲⵆӎὶἺ. ὢ࿚ⵊת, תϮઓἮỲᶾᤊ ؞ೝὢᷚ࿚Ϯ↮␖ẾἪ၊ᤒታఆ↮ᆺ, ⃪ ၊ӣϲ`תᶾ↿ఆᶢὶἺ. - ӣϲ`ὦתᶾ૮ⵊᷞ՚ં⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008)Ϯ↮`ⵆӎὶೝὢ⢮ ᕲᵪᶾᤊ⃪၊⹊ẗఆᶢṂἺ. ᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊંᤊᘲ᪒ӣ૮ᘲᤊ ᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵢ⁞ᢚⵖ. ⸧Ἦᓣ↮ᢚጢῲ⒢Ҳת ᶾ૮ⵢᤊં⃪ᏪᶾѺӮဖ؞Ӯغ↮ὢேⵆંѦᆚં᫊ϲἲጩ ўࢆ⃪Ӯ`ὦתᶾ૮ⵊὦ᫋⸧Ἦᆺ லᅪ⃪၊↶ጦⵖ(ὢ؞ Ṧ, 1995). - צ࿚ࢆתἲᤎᷞ՚ḮЇὢ⁞ᢚⵎҫẞጪᆚ`ὦתἲ ⹃ⵆѺ⫺ᴳⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. ⅷὢேўᆚᶾ૮ⵊ↶ጦᶾ૮ⵢᓣ↮ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗં૮ᕮᕲ30ᕲᶾᤊ1᫊ϲ૮ྣ`ὦὢே᫊ϲἪ၊Ἷ ૣⵖ. ⵊתᶾ૮ⵊᆺ லં⃪Ӯ`ὦὦ᫋ὲ. ഺጦᶾЋӮ`ὦ תὢཪᓢ؞ᶢဒẮ. ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊў῾Ἢ၊⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ὢ᷶ఆં⹗ᶾᤊ ጪᆚ`ὦ⃪ Ꮺתᶾ૮ⵊᓢ Ꮾⵊᷞ՚ϮⴲẂⵆӎⵎᨆὶἺ. ٍĵЀۺ ᓦᷞ՚ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪᓣ↮૮ў⃪↮Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᅪἪ၊ תἲ☏ . ⵊἻ·ቢ·ே⪧ Ἳ·ቢ·ேἲў῾Ἢ၊ᤒ ⵎҫẞ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢתἲ ☏ ⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ંᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚ૮ᶾ↿ⵖ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ὢᢚီӮᆚ૮ંᨊⵊӣ`ὦᓣ↮ᷚើᆺᴲશཪᵿⵊᤊ ᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊᷞҲϮⴲẂⵊ૮ὲ. ഺጦᶾὢἮ؞⢮ᷚ૮ᓢ ᫊⒛ᏽἻ·ቢ·ேᶾ૮ⵊᐗጦ⺍ᨆϮঀἲᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. ὢᅪ⦣ⵢ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ⷲϮઓӪὢᅪỲⵊӪ ᫊ ᅪኗ`Ἢ၊ⵖ. ᩑǍႊჶ ٍĵѓѪ ᓦᷞ՚ંጦⶺᷞ՚Ḯ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᵿ`ᷞ՚ᅪⵖۆ↲ⵖ. ጦⶺᷞ՚ંᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⒢Ҳ, תᶾ૮ⵊᤎᷞ՚ᅪἪ၊ ᢢ⮢ᓲ. ᵿ`ᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮᤊᘲ᪒ӣⅷἻ·ቢ·ேᏽў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ ᤪ⤞Ḯᓣ↮૮ў⃪↮Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵖ. ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GISཪં Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ⳑ ᕽು ٍĵʂԜ ҫ؞ல31Њ᫊·՞ல᫊↮ᷛ2Њ᫊, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ1Њ᫊·՞, ॻ⓺↮ ᷛ1Њ᫊·՞ἲᤎ ⵆᷚᷞ՚ᅪ↲ - 31Њ᫊·՞ῲ⒢ᅪ૮Ἢ၊ᷞ՚ⵆંὶᶢႺתⵊҲϮ ὶᶢትЊ↮ᷛᆺἲᤎ ⵆᷚᷞ՚ - ↮ᷛᤎ Ἦல᫊↮ᷛ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊↲ⵖ. ᅦ↮ᷛ ᫊ᷛᆶ␚Ϯ↮ὢ↮ᆺ, ல᫊↮ᷛҫẞኖᶾഞཪ␖ὢϮ⡚ં῾ ᶾᤊ૮ல᫊↮ᷛӪல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊՚ᕲⵆ᫊ᷚ·՞ἲᤎ ⵖ. ᴶᢞ, ՚ᆚ, ⃪ᷚ, ⫺⃪ᅪᷞ՚૮Ἢ၊ᤎ ⵖ. - ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊ંҫ؞லࢢ૮ல᫊↮ᷛᴶᢞ, ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊՚ᆚ ᅪᤎ ⵖ. ా᫊ંኖాҫ؞லல᫊↮ᷛᘶӒ☣ὢᆼἮ૮ⱊ`ὦ ↮ᷛὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ(ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013). - ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊ં⃪᫊ᷚᅪᤎ ⵖ. ⃪᫊ᷚં⃪ᷚ՞ᶾᤊ╊ת᫊၊ᪧҗ ఊ↮ᷛὲ. Ϯ⮷ὢࢆᷞ⒊ὢᴲશཪ⃪᫊ᷚᅪᤎ ⵊὢἎંॻ⓺↮ᷛ ᶾᤊ૮`Ἢ၊Ϯ՚ᨆϮᆼἮ↮ᷛἪ၊ॻ⓺↮ᷛ૮`Ἢ၊ ⃪Ꮺתᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮⴲẂⵊ↮ᷛὢ؞ഺጦὲ. - ᆶ↮ᆷலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ં⫺⃪᫊ᅪᤎ ⵖ. ⫺⃪᫊ંᘶӒ☣ὢᆼἲ ើᆺᴲશཪ␖Ỳᾓᵎὦὢ૮`Ἢ၊ᆼᴲᤊ(ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013) ⃪Ꮺתᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮⴲẂⵊ↮ᷛὲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ὢᢚီӮᆚ૮ંᨊⵊӣ`ὦᓣ↮ᷚើᆺᴲશཪᵿⵊᤊ ᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊᷞҲϮⴲẂⵊ૮ὲ. ഺጦᶾὢἮ؞⢮ᷚ૮ᓢ ᫊⒛ᏽἻ·ቢ·ேᶾ૮ⵊᐗጦ⺍ᨆϮঀἲᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. ὢᅪ⦣ⵢ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲ⷲϮઓӪὢᅪỲⵊӪ ᫊ ᅪኗ`Ἢ၊ⵖ. ᩑǍႊჶ ٍĵѓѪ ᓦᷞ՚ંጦⶺᷞ՚Ḯ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᵿ`ᷞ՚ᅪⵖۆ↲ⵖ. ጦⶺᷞ՚ંᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⒢Ҳ, תᶾ૮ⵊᤎᷞ՚ᅪἪ၊ ᢢ⮢ᓲ. ᵿ`ᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮᤊᘲ᪒ӣⅷἻ·ቢ·ேᏽў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ ᤪ⤞Ḯᓣ↮૮ў⃪↮Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵖ. ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GISཪં Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ⳑ ᕽು ٍĵʂԜ ҫ؞ல31Њ᫊·՞ல᫊↮ᷛ2Њ᫊, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ1Њ᫊·՞, ॻ⓺↮ ᷛ1Њ᫊·՞ἲᤎ ⵆᷚᷞ՚ᅪ↲ - 31Њ᫊·՞ῲ⒢ᅪ૮Ἢ၊ᷞ՚ⵆંὶᶢႺתⵊҲϮ ὶᶢትЊ↮ᷛᆺἲᤎ ⵆᷚᷞ՚ - ↮ᷛᤎ Ἦல᫊↮ᷛ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊↲ⵖ. ᅦ↮ᷛ ᫊ᷛᆶ␚Ϯ↮ὢ↮ᆺ, ல᫊↮ᷛҫẞኖᶾഞཪ␖ὢϮ⡚ં῾ ᶾᤊ૮ல᫊↮ᷛӪல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊՚ᕲⵆ᫊ᷚ·՞ἲᤎ ⵖ. ᴶᢞ, ՚ᆚ, ⃪ᷚ, ⫺⃪ᅪᷞ՚૮Ἢ၊ᤎ ⵖ. - ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊ંҫ؞லࢢ૮ல᫊↮ᷛᴶᢞ, ல᫊↮ᷛἪ၊՚ᆚ ᅪᤎ ⵖ. ా᫊ંኖాҫ؞லல᫊↮ᷛᘶӒ☣ὢᆼἮ૮ⱊ`ὦ ↮ᷛὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ(ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013). - ॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊ં⃪᫊ᷚᅪᤎ ⵖ. ⃪᫊ᷚં⃪ᷚ՞ᶾᤊ╊ת᫊၊ᪧҗ ఊ↮ᷛὲ. Ϯ⮷ὢࢆᷞ⒊ὢᴲશཪ⃪᫊ᷚᅪᤎ ⵊὢἎંॻ⓺↮ᷛ ᶾᤊ૮`Ἢ၊Ϯ՚ᨆϮᆼἮ↮ᷛἪ၊ॻ⓺↮ᷛ૮`Ἢ၊ ⃪Ꮺתᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮⴲẂⵊ↮ᷛὢ؞ഺጦὲ. - ᆶ↮ᆷலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ં⫺⃪᫊ᅪᤎ ⵖ. ⫺⃪᫊ંᘶӒ☣ὢᆼἲ ើᆺᴲશཪ␖Ỳᾓᵎὦὢ૮`Ἢ၊ᆼᴲᤊ(ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013) ⃪Ꮺתᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮⴲẂⵊ↮ᷛὲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᩑǍ᮹⦽ĥ ᓦᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮἻ·ቢ·ேϲ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵊં῾ᶾᤊ ᫊၎`ὦᷞ՚ཪંϮὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ⱻⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵊႺᶾⵊҲϮὶᶢᴲ྆ᷞ՚ᕲᤋࢢẗἲὢ ⵢⵆં⃪ϮⴲẂⵖ. ⴗ ૮ ᓢⵊҲ၊ᤊⷲᾚЊὦ ᓢ⹊ẗӪӮဖⵢ ᓢᶾתⵆ ؞ᶢဒẢѱὢᢚὲ. ᓦᷞ՚᫊ᷛ2012लᶾᨆఊᤎᷞ՚ Ⴚᶾⵢᤊᷞ՚ᅪ↲ⵖ. ὢᶾ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺⃪ҫẞ૮` Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚϮ՚ᨆϮ50Ϯ՚ὢὢཪં῾ᶾᤊὪ லႺ ЋӮἲὪ ல⹃ᓢⵎᨆὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ⃪ᷚં18Ϯ՚תἲ Ἢ၊ᢢ⮢ᓦં῾ᶾᤊႺᕲᤋᶾⵊҲϮὶἺ. ⴘ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ ⹃ⵆѺ⫺ᴳⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંᴲ྆ᤎᷞ՚Ѯ⦎ᶾᤊ ல ؞ⵆҎ↮ᆺԾ⦣⹗ἲᐆᷯⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ல᫊↮ᷛἮ૮ `Ἢ၊ᵿⵊԾ⦣⮦ὢὶ↮ᆺ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮԾ⦣ᨆ☏ቢᶾᤊⵊҲ ϮὶἺ(⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010). Ծ⦣ᨆᨆϮ ⵊఆᶢὶӎ, ␖ྷ ᐞ␖᫊ᷛآ⪧⇃ὢὶἺ. ⵊ᫊·՞ᶾỲ♆ⵊἻ↮ᷛἲ Ἢ၊Ծ⦣⮦ὢḒ⽶ဒୂᐊఆᶢὶᶢўᆚἪ၊ંᷴቢὢϮ غẦ↮ཪலԾ⦣⹗ഺጦᶾ૮`Ἢ၊ўᆚϮሪἻ↮ᷛᶾᓢᩫ ѺתⵎϮઓலὶἺ. צ࿚ࢆᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંԾ⦣⮦, ␖ྷᐞ␖ ӪӮဖఊႺᨆ↿ᶾⵊҲഺጦᶾԾ⦣⹗غ↮ᐆᷯఊתἲᷞ ՚ⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. ὢં␖⺲⺲ᷞ՚ᶾᤊ↲ఎⴲẂϮ ὶἺ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ଲߨୡՑഠ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵᮹⩥⫊ŝŝᱽ ܳлՅࢢॴҵজۆˣۤѕą ᓣᾏⵊῲ⒢Ҳᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ᕲᢞ, Ἆᢚ·ᓣ⓶྆ - ╊ת⼢ሪᤊᘲ᪒ẃ՚Ϯҗ⽶↋ϮⵆᷚᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮṦᶾலӎẗ०ே ᕮ, ᷚϮ ᕮ, ՛⦎ⵢᵿᕮ, ԾἏӪⵇ؞ᨎᕮ, ᴶῲ ᕮ┋17Њ ᕮ⒆ᶾᤊ292Њᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢᨆὲ. - ↮ᐗ♆⒢ᶾᤊலᵫ4ᆺЊᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢ↲ - ᕮ⒆ᒲ၊צᆚӎ↮⒢ᕮᤊᒲ၊ᕲᶳ⹂ᏽ♦ᆷὢ ഺጦᶾϯ ᷚᏽᤊᘲ᪒ϲᷞҲϮᕮ ⵖ. ὢંἎᢚⵊᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ, ં ᤊᘲ᪒ᓣὢࢆ৲ཫἲ⓶྆ⵆቢᤊẾ࢛ᘲḮᤊᘲ᪒ῲ ᘲ⺖ὢཪંጦ Ϯ ؞ఖ. ᵿⵊᓣ↮ᢚᶳῲ╊ὪᤎỲὦἻ·ቢ·ேӪᕮⵆ၊ᓣ↮⒢Ͼல Ꮶ⽏ - ᵇᕮ⒆Ḯ↮⒢ᵿⵆӎ૧ⵊᵿᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ↿ⵆં╊Ὢᤎ ỲὦἻ·ቢ·ேᶳጢӪᕮⵆ - Ἳ·ቢ·ேὢ◖ᵫҲ☣ᶾѺૢὢࢆⷲᾓᐗጦ, Ὢ`ኖશ⤞ᆯ, ᴲϮં
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᩑǍ᮹⦽ĥ ᓦᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮἻ·ቢ·ேϲ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ☏ ⵊં῾ᶾᤊ ᫊၎`ὦᷞ՚ཪંϮὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ⱻⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵊႺᶾⵊҲϮὶᶢᴲ྆ᷞ՚ᕲᤋࢢẗἲὢ ⵢⵆં⃪ϮⴲẂⵖ. ⴗ ૮ ᓢⵊҲ၊ᤊⷲᾚЊὦ ᓢ⹊ẗӪӮဖⵢ ᓢᶾתⵆ ؞ᶢဒẢѱὢᢚὲ. ᓦᷞ՚᫊ᷛ2012लᶾᨆఊᤎᷞ՚ Ⴚᶾⵢᤊᷞ՚ᅪ↲ⵖ. ὢᶾ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺⃪ҫẞ૮` Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚϮ՚ᨆϮ50Ϯ՚ὢὢཪં῾ᶾᤊὪ லႺ ЋӮἲὪ ல⹃ᓢⵎᨆὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ⃪ᷚં18Ϯ՚תἲ Ἢ၊ᢢ⮢ᓦં῾ᶾᤊႺᕲᤋᶾⵊҲϮὶἺ. ⴘ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ ⹃ⵆѺ⫺ᴳⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંᴲ྆ᤎᷞ՚Ѯ⦎ᶾᤊ ல ؞ⵆҎ↮ᆺԾ⦣⹗ἲᐆᷯⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ல᫊↮ᷛἮ૮ `Ἢ၊ᵿⵊԾ⦣⮦ὢὶ↮ᆺ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮԾ⦣ᨆ☏ቢᶾᤊⵊҲ ϮὶἺ(⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010). Ծ⦣ᨆᨆϮ ⵊఆᶢὶӎ, ␖ྷ ᐞ␖᫊ᷛآ⪧⇃ὢὶἺ. ⵊ᫊·՞ᶾỲ♆ⵊἻ↮ᷛἲ Ἢ၊Ծ⦣⮦ὢḒ⽶ဒୂᐊఆᶢὶᶢўᆚἪ၊ંᷴቢὢϮ غẦ↮ཪலԾ⦣⹗ഺጦᶾ૮`Ἢ၊ўᆚϮሪἻ↮ᷛᶾᓢᩫ ѺתⵎϮઓலὶἺ. צ࿚ࢆᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંԾ⦣⮦, ␖ྷᐞ␖ ӪӮဖఊႺᨆ↿ᶾⵊҲഺጦᶾԾ⦣⹗غ↮ᐆᷯఊתἲᷞ ՚ⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. ὢં␖⺲⺲ᷞ՚ᶾᤊ↲ఎⴲẂϮ ὶἺ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ଲߨୡՑഠ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵᮹⩥⫊ŝŝᱽ ܳлՅࢢॴҵজۆˣۤѕą ᓣᾏⵊῲ⒢Ҳᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ᕲᢞ, Ἆᢚ·ᓣ⓶྆ - ╊ת⼢ሪᤊᘲ᪒ẃ՚Ϯҗ⽶↋ϮⵆᷚᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮṦᶾலӎẗ०ே ᕮ, ᷚϮ ᕮ, ՛⦎ⵢᵿᕮ, ԾἏӪⵇ؞ᨎᕮ, ᴶῲ ᕮ┋17Њ ᕮ⒆ᶾᤊ292Њᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢᨆὲ. - ↮ᐗ♆⒢ᶾᤊலᵫ4ᆺЊᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢ↲ - ᕮ⒆ᒲ၊צᆚӎ↮⒢ᕮᤊᒲ၊ᕲᶳ⹂ᏽ♦ᆷὢ ഺጦᶾϯ ᷚᏽᤊᘲ᪒ϲᷞҲϮᕮ ⵖ. ὢંἎᢚⵊᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ, ં ᤊᘲ᪒ᓣὢࢆ৲ཫἲ⓶྆ⵆቢᤊẾ࢛ᘲḮᤊᘲ᪒ῲ ᘲ⺖ὢཪંጦ Ϯ ؞ఖ. ᵿⵊᓣ↮ᢚᶳῲ╊ὪᤎỲὦἻ·ቢ·ேӪᕮⵆ၊ᓣ↮⒢Ͼல Ꮶ⽏ - ᵇᕮ⒆Ḯ↮⒢ᵿⵆӎ૧ⵊᵿᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ↿ⵆં╊Ὢᤎ ỲὦἻ·ቢ·ேᶳጢӪᕮⵆ - Ἳ·ቢ·ேὢ◖ᵫҲ☣ᶾѺૢὢࢆⷲᾓᐗጦ, Ὢ`ኖશ⤞ᆯ, ᴲϮં
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᤊᘲ᪒↮ẾᏮ␗⸃ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞ઓὢᇒẞᶢဒẢ⹗ - Ἳ·ቢ·ே؞ઓӪᕮⵆḮὦဓᕮ Ἢ၊ӣӣᓣ↮᷶ᢞ⨚έᶾᘲ ီⵆᷚᵿⵊᓣ↮ẃ՚ᅪЄં⃪Ꮺᓣ↮⒢Ͼலં૧⽶࢜ ં↮`ὢ૧ ᢚᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣӣᓣ↮ὦဓᶳጢϮӪ↲ - ᵇᕮ⒆ᒲ, ↮⒢ᒲᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢӪⵊᶳጢᕮૢἲ↋⯛᫊⢒ቢᤊ ૧ⵊᶳጢ᪒⪦᪒Ḯ↲ἲᘶᑶ⽶ὪἪ⢒, ╊תᶾӣጢẾᢢ ᢚጦ غ↮ᵿᢞ - ⪧⽶ὪᤎἻ·ቢ·ேӣӣᓣ↮ὦဓᶳጢϮӪ↲ἮᏮ␗⸃ᓣ↮ ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶંᓣ↮⹆ҫᶾ♆ታ`ⵊҲ၊ϮḢ. ╊Ὢᤎῲ⒢ҲᷛⵎЃ⹂ኖᢷὢ᫊ - ↮ᷛỲᶾᤊ ӣఆંᵿⵊᤊᘲ᪒ḮẾἲ⺖Ӫ`Ἢ၊ᷞҲ, ⁞ ⵆᷚᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⺖⹂ ܳлՅࢢॴҵজۆڮ Њ⮦ኖ⸃Ἦல᫊⸃Ӫॻ⓺⸃Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵖ. - ல᫊⸃: ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃, ў῾⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃ ⴗ ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃1) : ᓣ↮ૢЃ⹂(ᕲᵪ⹃૮), ᐗጦᤊᘲ᪒⹊⹂ኖ⸃. ᤊ ૮ጦ՚ᨆ⃮Ἢ၊ᓣ↮, ӎẗ, ᓢѢⵗૢ, ᐗጦᤊᘲ᪒⹊⹂, ᏪӮⷿဓ▂↲. ὢᅪỲⵢ7⒊ታὦဓ⹃▗, ᓣ↮ேᾓ , ᓣ↮ὦဓᐞ♆ ǎྕ᳑ᱶᝅⰑ ᅕÕᅖḡᇡa ֥ ᬵ ᯝᯱಽ ᅕࠥ⦽ Ⲳ฿∅⩶ ᅖḡᱥݍℕĥ Ǎ⇶ ႊᦩⲳ ԕᬊᮥ ᵲᝍ ᮝಽ ᱶญ Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ⴘ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶ ⰑǑᨱ } ԕ᮹ ǭᩎᖝ░ ᯙǍ อ Ƚ༉ ᖅ⊹ ࠺ ᵝၝᖝ░۵ᝁℎ ᱲᙹ ᦩԕ॒ʑ܆ᅕv⩶᮹ᨦྕෝ⇵ḥ ǭᩎᖝ░ᨱᕽ ۵ ᔍಡšญᨦྕᙹ⧪ᮥ ݕݚ⧉ ⴙÑᱱ⩶ᯙǍอᯕᔢᮝಽ࠺ᵝၝᖝ░_}᮹ᅖḡᨦྕෝᱥݕ⦹۵Ñ ᱱ⩶ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹⩥ᰍ࠺ᵝၝᖝ░۵ᯝၹၝᬱ⧪ᱶ ᵝၝᯱ⊹ᨦྕෝə ݡಽᬕᩢ⦹Łᅖḡᨦྕ۵Ñᱱ⩶ᖝ░ಽᯕš ԕᇡ❡Ǎᖒᮡᅖḡᔢݕ❡ ᔍಡšญ❡ ḡᩎᅖḡḡᬱ❡॒ᅖḡ⨩ቭʑšᬕᩢᨱ⦥⦽❡ᮥᖅ⊹⧉ ⴚ ⦣ⵗ⸃: ὦ՚4ᆺታὢἪ၊ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞2~3Њᅪ⦣ⵗⵢᓣ↮Ḯ Ὢᐆ ἲⵖۆᨆⵆંኖ⸃. ࢢᕮ⫮՚Ἦў῾⸃ӪἎᢚⵆѺ ૢ, ᢚီӮᆚ, ↮ᷛẾӮᆚᶳጢᨆ. - ॻ⓺⸃: Ἳ·ቢ·ேἮ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ᨆ⃮Ἢ၊؞ઓ⹃૮. ቢἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ Ế᫊ᒂᢚᶳҞӪᅪ⮷Ϯⵆᷚ؞ઓ⁞ ᐗᴶᆶဖ. ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế ؞ઓЃ⹂ᅪỲⵢᢚီӮᆚᅪỲⵊպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ ▂↲Ὢ - ல᫊⸃Ἦ2014ल6Ểغ↮؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲẞᤎ▂↲. ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮ ᕲў῾⸃Ἦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ⦣ⵢ⹃૮▂↲. ࢢὪᓣ↮Ế, Ἳ·ቢ·ே⃪Ꮺ ♆ⵖۆ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ▂↲ - ॻ⓺⸃: ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞᫊ᒂᢚᶳ↲. ᓢѢ↮ḮᓢѢ↲ ႺḮᷞҲЃ⹂ᅪ⦣ⵢ⦣ⵗᢚီӮᆚ▂↲ⵖ. - ᾓ؞`Ἢ၊ં⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế, ࢢὪᓣ↮ẾᶳጢϮў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ· ேỲᶾᤊᨆఆல။▂↲ఎ᷶ ὲ. ☖⧊⩶ŝ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶ Ñᱱ⩶ᨱ ݡ⦽ Ǎℕᱢᯙ ༉⩶ᨱ ݡ⧕ᕽ۵ ᅕÕᅖḡᇡ ॒ᮥ ☖⧕ ᱽࡹḥ ᦫŁ ᯩ ᮭ šಉ⧕ v⩽Ƚ ⷤḡႊᯱ⊹݉ℕ ᅖḡ ᱥݍℕĥ }⠙ႊᦩᩑǍⷥᨱ ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ ᔢᖙ⦹í ☖ ⧊⩶ Ñᱱ⩶ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶ ༉⩶ᯕ ᖅࡹᨕ ᯩᮭ
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᤊᘲ᪒↮ẾᏮ␗⸃ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞ઓὢᇒẞᶢဒẢ⹗ - Ἳ·ቢ·ே؞ઓӪᕮⵆḮὦဓᕮ Ἢ၊ӣӣᓣ↮᷶ᢞ⨚έᶾᘲ ီⵆᷚᵿⵊᓣ↮ẃ՚ᅪЄં⃪Ꮺᓣ↮⒢Ͼலં૧⽶࢜ ં↮`ὢ૧ ᢚᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣӣᓣ↮ὦဓᶳጢϮӪ↲ - ᵇᕮ⒆ᒲ, ↮⒢ᒲᓣ↮ᢚᶳὢӪⵊᶳጢᕮૢἲ↋⯛᫊⢒ቢᤊ ૧ⵊᶳጢ᪒⪦᪒Ḯ↲ἲᘶᑶ⽶ὪἪ⢒, ╊תᶾӣጢẾᢢ ᢚጦ غ↮ᵿᢞ - ⪧⽶ὪᤎἻ·ቢ·ேӣӣᓣ↮ὦဓᶳጢϮӪ↲ἮᏮ␗⸃ᓣ↮ ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶંᓣ↮⹆ҫᶾ♆ታ`ⵊҲ၊ϮḢ. ╊Ὢᤎῲ⒢ҲᷛⵎЃ⹂ኖᢷὢ᫊ - ↮ᷛỲᶾᤊ ӣఆંᵿⵊᤊᘲ᪒ḮẾἲ⺖Ӫ`Ἢ၊ᷞҲ, ⁞ ⵆᷚᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⺖⹂ ܳлՅࢢॴҵজۆڮ Њ⮦ኖ⸃Ἦல᫊⸃Ӫॻ⓺⸃Ἢ၊՚ᕲⵖ. - ல᫊⸃: ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃, ў῾⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃ ⴗ ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃1) : ᓣ↮ૢЃ⹂(ᕲᵪ⹃૮), ᐗጦᤊᘲ᪒⹊⹂ኖ⸃. ᤊ ૮ጦ՚ᨆ⃮Ἢ၊ᓣ↮, ӎẗ, ᓢѢⵗૢ, ᐗጦᤊᘲ᪒⹊⹂, ᏪӮⷿဓ▂↲. ὢᅪỲⵢ7⒊ታὦဓ⹃▗, ᓣ↮ேᾓ , ᓣ↮ὦဓᐞ♆ ǎྕ᳑ᱶᝅⰑ ᅕÕᅖḡᇡa ֥ ᬵ ᯝᯱಽ ᅕࠥ⦽ Ⲳ฿∅⩶ ᅖḡᱥݍℕĥ Ǎ⇶ ႊᦩⲳ ԕᬊᮥ ᵲᝍ ᮝಽ ᱶญ Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ⴘ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶ ⰑǑᨱ } ԕ᮹ ǭᩎᖝ░ ᯙǍ อ Ƚ༉ ᖅ⊹ ࠺ ᵝၝᖝ░۵ᝁℎ ᱲᙹ ᦩԕ॒ʑ܆ᅕv⩶᮹ᨦྕෝ⇵ḥ ǭᩎᖝ░ᨱᕽ ۵ ᔍಡšญᨦྕᙹ⧪ᮥ ݕݚ⧉ ⴙÑᱱ⩶ᯙǍอᯕᔢᮝಽ࠺ᵝၝᖝ░_}᮹ᅖḡᨦྕෝᱥݕ⦹۵Ñ ᱱ⩶ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹⩥ᰍ࠺ᵝၝᖝ░۵ᯝၹၝᬱ⧪ᱶ ᵝၝᯱ⊹ᨦྕෝə ݡಽᬕᩢ⦹Łᅖḡᨦྕ۵Ñᱱ⩶ᖝ░ಽᯕš ԕᇡ❡Ǎᖒᮡᅖḡᔢݕ❡ ᔍಡšญ❡ ḡᩎᅖḡḡᬱ❡॒ᅖḡ⨩ቭʑšᬕᩢᨱ⦥⦽❡ᮥᖅ⊹⧉ ⴚ ⦣ⵗ⸃: ὦ՚4ᆺታὢἪ၊ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞2~3Њᅪ⦣ⵗⵢᓣ↮Ḯ Ὢᐆ ἲⵖۆᨆⵆંኖ⸃. ࢢᕮ⫮՚Ἦў῾⸃ӪἎᢚⵆѺ ૢ, ᢚီӮᆚ, ↮ᷛẾӮᆚᶳጢᨆ. - ॻ⓺⸃: Ἳ·ቢ·ேἮ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ᨆ⃮Ἢ၊؞ઓ⹃૮. ቢἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ Ế᫊ᒂᢚᶳҞӪᅪ⮷Ϯⵆᷚ؞ઓ⁞ ᐗᴶᆶဖ. ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế ؞ઓЃ⹂ᅪỲⵢᢚီӮᆚᅪỲⵊպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ ▂↲Ὢ - ல᫊⸃Ἦ2014ल6Ểغ↮؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲẞᤎ▂↲. ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃, ᕮ ᕲў῾⸃Ἦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ⦣ⵢ⹃૮▂↲. ࢢὪᓣ↮Ế, Ἳ·ቢ·ே⃪Ꮺ ♆ⵖۆ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ▂↲ - ॻ⓺⸃: ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞᫊ᒂᢚᶳ↲. ᓢѢ↮ḮᓢѢ↲ ႺḮᷞҲЃ⹂ᅪ⦣ⵢ⦣ⵗᢚီӮᆚ▂↲ⵖ. - ᾓ؞`Ἢ၊ં⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ế, ࢢὪᓣ↮ẾᶳጢϮў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ· ேỲᶾᤊᨆఆல။▂↲ఎ᷶ ὲ. ☖⧊⩶ŝ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶ Ñᱱ⩶ᨱ ݡ⦽ Ǎℕᱢᯙ ༉⩶ᨱ ݡ⧕ᕽ۵ ᅕÕᅖḡᇡ ॒ᮥ ☖⧕ ᱽࡹḥ ᦫŁ ᯩ ᮭ šಉ⧕ v⩽Ƚ ⷤḡႊᯱ⊹݉ℕ ᅖḡ ᱥݍℕĥ }⠙ႊᦩᩑǍⷥᨱ ᔢݡᱢᮝಽ ᔢᖙ⦹í ☖ ⧊⩶ Ñᱱ⩶ ᇡᇥÑᱱ⩶ ༉⩶ᯕ ᖅࡹᨕ ᯩᮭ
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ܳлՅࢢॴҵজ߸ݕۆۆۆٮॢć ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ંצኖ⸃ᶾഞཪḮⵊҲᶾ␖ὢϮὶἺ. ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦ╊Ὢᤎᤊᘲ᪒↿⒢ҲὦἻ·ቢ·ேᶾ૮ⵆᷚ⁞↯Њ⮦ Ӫὦဓ▗Ếἲ؞ᐆἪ၊↮ᷛࢢ◖ᵫҲ☣ᶾ૮ⵊᐗጦૢ, ᴲϮ ંᤊᘲ᪒, ኖશ⤞ᆯⷲᾓᓣ↮؞ઓЃ⹂ⵆંᐗ᫋ὲ. - צ࿚ࢆ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᅪ▂↲ⵊӎ⮷ϮⵆآᶢဒẢኖ⸃ὲ. ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ⵣἮᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪῲૢⵆંᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵆӎ, ὢᅪ⦣ⵢ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾѺᓢῲጦ`Ἢ၊⦣ⵗ`ὦᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆંѱὲ. צ࿚ࢆ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦῲጦὢࢆ⦣ⵗἲЊᤎⵎᨆὶંࢢẗἲ⯚ ⵖⵆӎὶ↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲᏪӮⷿဓ⒢՚ᘲⷲᾚ · Ếὢ`Ἦ↮ᷛࢢᶾᤊἻ·ቢ·ேỲ၊ⷿ⒢՚Ἦ⺖ὢ࢜Ἲ. · ӣӣ⃪லᏪӮⷿဓṦᶾலᏪϲ⃪லᏪӮⷿဓἲ ᫊ⵆᷮἪࢆᏪϲὢ ὢᅪ⃪லⵎҫẞὢᶾ૮ⵊὦᤪ⫞ᗺࢆ↮Ế லϮ՚⒢`ὢ↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲᢚᓣ↮ᶳጢῲጦ⹃ᓢᶾ૮ⵊ՚⒢`ᐗᴶⴲẂⵖ. · Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲᶾᤊⵗ`ὦᢚᓣ↮ᶳጢϮὢზᶢ↶ഺ, ᢚᓣ↮ᶾ ૮ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᾓЊὦ`ᷛྷὢࢆὦ᫋ᶾഞཪᢚᓣ↮ᶳጢ↿ὢ ᷯⶓἲᐉἲᨆὶἺ. · ᢚီӮᆚᅪ⯚ⵖⵆᷚᢚᓣ↮ᶳጢᶾ૮ⵊ᩶⭪ᘲῲῲጦ`ᶳጢ Ϯὢზᶢ↶ᨆὶંᐗᴶⴲẂⵖ. · ⪧⽶, ὪᆚḮᓣ↮ᷞҲᶳጢᅪⷲᾚḮЇἮ⸃⣊Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲ ၊ὢேఎҫẞ, Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲᶾᤊᵿⵊὪᆚḮᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᷞ Ҳ, ⁞ , ⦣ⵗἲᨆⵎᨆὶંኖҫ Ϯ⸃ఆં↮῾Ѯ ⴲẂⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᏽ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ኖ⸃ - ኖ⸃Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ాኖ⸃ኖా᫊·՞⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếᶾᤊᨆⵆં⦣ ⵗᢚီӮᆚᅪў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓢંỲϮ⡞պᷛᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚ ᅪᨆⵊં῾ᶾᤊேὪⵖ. - ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேἲ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἢ၊Њ⮦ⵆӎ, ᫊·՞ᶾ1Њᤒ♆ఊ⽚ᇋᓣ ↮↮ẾἲպᷛỲ၊ᤒ♆ⵊં῾ᶾᤊ૮ᶾ૮ⵊᢚီӮᆚ תἮЊᤎఎѱἪ၊ᓢὲ. - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ӫᆶ␚Ϯ↮၊תᓦ`ὦῲ⒢Ҳ♦ᆷὢ ጦ ⵢҞ ၊ࢆᴲϮ↲ኩⵖ. ў῾⸃ᏽ⦣ⵗ⸃ - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ኖ⸃ў῾⸃ҫẞ, ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪள`Ἢ၊ᨆ ⵆંῲૢ⁞↯ᤒ♆؞ᐆὢఎᨆὶἺ. ளᆫ`ᒲல⁞↯ἲ⦣ⵆᷚ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲጦ, ⦣ⵗ, ⯚Ӳἲ - ᓣ↮ᶳጢᾚ⦣ⵗὢϮઓⵢ↾. ⃪ⷲᏪᣋ⹊↮Ế՛⒢Ҳⵆᶾᤊᕲᶳ⹂ ఆᶶૢ, ᢚီӮᆚ, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚᶳጢᅪ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ỳᶾᤊᨆ ⦎။⁞ ⵖἪ၊᭖, ᓣ↮؞ઓ⦣ⵗӪ⺖ἲኖᢷⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⵊў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ҫẞᷚ࿚⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊࢆ…Ảᷯఊᓣ↮ ᶳጢᅪ⦣ⵗⵢẢᷯⵆંኖҫ Ϯⷲ. ᢚီӮᆚᓢ⦣ⵗ` ὦᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᷚ↮Ϯᷢᆪ. - צ࿚ࢆў῾⸃ҫẞὪᐆᏪẾӪᕲᆚఆᶢẢᷯఆંӪ ᶾᤊᤊᘲ ᪒ὢẗᕶ⮦ὢᐊᣋⵎᷚ↮ંὶἺ. - ў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ேὪⵊⵊҲંⵊጢᶵᓢў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ὢᨆ Ẃᇌ▒⸃ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶં؞⪮ὢఊӎⵆୂཪல ాኖ୦ኖాת☏ቢᶾᤊⵊҲᅪϮ↲ં῾ὢ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ܳлՅࢢॴҵজ߸ݕۆۆۆٮॢć ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ંצኖ⸃ᶾഞཪḮⵊҲᶾ␖ὢϮὶἺ. ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦ╊Ὢᤎᤊᘲ᪒↿⒢ҲὦἻ·ቢ·ேᶾ૮ⵆᷚ⁞↯Њ⮦ Ӫὦဓ▗Ếἲ؞ᐆἪ၊↮ᷛࢢ◖ᵫҲ☣ᶾ૮ⵊᐗጦૢ, ᴲϮ ંᤊᘲ᪒, ኖશ⤞ᆯⷲᾓᓣ↮؞ઓЃ⹂ⵆંᐗ᫋ὲ. - צ࿚ࢆ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᅪ▂↲ⵊӎ⮷ϮⵆآᶢဒẢኖ⸃ὲ. ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ⵣἮᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪῲૢⵆંᕮᤊᅪᤒ♆ⵆӎ, ὢᅪ⦣ⵢ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾѺᓢῲጦ`Ἢ၊⦣ⵗ`ὦᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆંѱὲ. צ࿚ࢆ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἦῲጦὢࢆ⦣ⵗἲЊᤎⵎᨆὶંࢢẗἲ⯚ ⵖⵆӎὶ↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲᏪӮⷿဓ⒢՚ᘲⷲᾚ · Ếὢ`Ἦ↮ᷛࢢᶾᤊἻ·ቢ·ேỲ၊ⷿ⒢՚Ἦ⺖ὢ࢜Ἲ. · ӣӣ⃪லᏪӮⷿဓṦᶾலᏪϲ⃪லᏪӮⷿဓἲ ᫊ⵆᷮἪࢆᏪϲὢ ὢᅪ⃪லⵎҫẞὢᶾ૮ⵊὦᤪ⫞ᗺࢆ↮Ế லϮ՚⒢`ὢ↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲᢚᓣ↮ᶳጢῲጦ⹃ᓢᶾ૮ⵊ՚⒢`ᐗᴶⴲẂⵖ. · Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲᶾᤊⵗ`ὦᢚᓣ↮ᶳጢϮὢზᶢ↶ഺ, ᢚᓣ↮ᶾ ૮ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᾓЊὦ`ᷛྷὢࢆὦ᫋ᶾഞཪᢚᓣ↮ᶳጢ↿ὢ ᷯⶓἲᐉἲᨆὶἺ. · ᢚီӮᆚᅪ⯚ⵖⵆᷚᢚᓣ↮ᶳጢᶾ૮ⵊ᩶⭪ᘲῲῲጦ`ᶳጢ Ϯὢზᶢ↶ᨆὶંᐗᴶⴲẂⵖ. · ⪧⽶, ὪᆚḮᓣ↮ᷞҲᶳጢᅪⷲᾚḮЇἮ⸃⣊Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲ ၊ὢேఎҫẞ, Ἳ·ቢ·ேỲᶾᤊᵿⵊὪᆚḮᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᷞ Ҳ, ⁞ , ⦣ⵗἲᨆⵎᨆὶંኖҫ Ϯ⸃ఆં↮῾Ѯ ⴲẂⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᏽ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ኖ⸃ - ኖ⸃Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ాኖ⸃ኖా᫊·՞⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếᶾᤊᨆⵆં⦣ ⵗᢚီӮᆚᅪў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓢંỲϮ⡞պᷛᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚ ᅪᨆⵊં῾ᶾᤊேὪⵖ. - ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேἲ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἢ၊Њ⮦ⵆӎ, ᫊·՞ᶾ1Њᤒ♆ఊ⽚ᇋᓣ ↮↮ẾἲպᷛỲ၊ᤒ♆ⵊં῾ᶾᤊ૮ᶾ૮ⵊᢚီӮᆚ תἮЊᤎఎѱἪ၊ᓢὲ. - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ӫᆶ␚Ϯ↮၊תᓦ`ὦῲ⒢Ҳ♦ᆷὢ ጦ ⵢҞ ၊ࢆᴲϮ↲ኩⵖ. ў῾⸃ᏽ⦣ⵗ⸃ - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ኖ⸃ў῾⸃ҫẞ, ᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪள`Ἢ၊ᨆ ⵆંῲૢ⁞↯ᤒ♆؞ᐆὢఎᨆὶἺ. ளᆫ`ᒲல⁞↯ἲ⦣ⵆᷚ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲጦ, ⦣ⵗ, ⯚Ӳἲ - ᓣ↮ᶳጢᾚ⦣ⵗὢϮઓⵢ↾. ⃪ⷲᏪᣋ⹊↮Ế՛⒢Ҳⵆᶾᤊᕲᶳ⹂ ఆᶶૢ, ᢚီӮᆚ, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚᶳጢᅪ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ỳᶾᤊᨆ ⦎။⁞ ⵖἪ၊᭖, ᓣ↮؞ઓ⦣ⵗӪ⺖ἲኖᢷⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⵊў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ҫẞᷚ࿚⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊࢆ…Ảᷯఊᓣ↮ ᶳጢᅪ⦣ⵗⵢẢᷯⵆંኖҫ Ϯⷲ. ᢚီӮᆚᓢ⦣ⵗ` ὦᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᷚ↮Ϯᷢᆪ. - צ࿚ࢆў῾⸃ҫẞὪᐆᏪẾӪᕲᆚఆᶢẢᷯఆંӪ ᶾᤊᤊᘲ ᪒ὢẗᕶ⮦ὢᐊᣋⵎᷚ↮ંὶἺ. - ў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ேὪⵊⵊҲંⵊጢᶵᓢў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ὢᨆ Ẃᇌ▒⸃ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶં؞⪮ὢఊӎⵆୂཪல ాኖ୦ኖాת☏ቢᶾᤊⵊҲᅪϮ↲ં῾ὢ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ · ேὪⵊல᫊↮ᷛὢཪⵆୂཪலᤊẦ Ṧⵊҫ؞லࢢல᫊↮ᷛἮ ᫊ᕮંல᫊`⪧ἲ↮શӎὶୂཪல᫊Ṧӫὢࢆ՚᫊Ϯ ↮ંॻ⓺↮ᷛ⪧ἲ↮શӎὶἺ. ᷶ᅪᶢ, ૮ⱊ`ὦல᫊↮ ᷛὢཪⵎᨆὶંᨆẾ, ᴶᢞ, ᫊ᷛέᕯே, ⓶↮ே, ӎே ↮ᷛҫẞ૮`Ἢ၊ቢ`Ἦँӎ, ↮ᷛᶾഞཪὦ՚Ꮾ↿ லல࢜Ἲ. · ഺጦᶾὦ՚ኖᅪӎဒⵢே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃Ἢ၊ ῲ⹆ⵎҫẞ⃪Ꮺתὢ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴંѱὢⷲὲ. ąşʪܳлՅࢢॴҵজ߸ݕę܁قԴêࢹʼرآॣԐ२ ᵌᤊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᾓ῾ᏽⵊҲᅪᢢ⮢ᓢᵆἺ. - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ҫẞ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ཪ؞ᓢંⷲᾚ՚⁞ᶾᤊἻ·ቢ·ே ᷛⵎЃ⹂ᨆ⃮ᶾצ♆ӎὶἺ. ὢᶾתᓦ`ὦῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ጦ ᅪ ⵢҞⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. - ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾѺ⦣ⵗ`ᤊᘲ᪒؞⪮ἲᆶဖⵊં ῾ᶾᤊў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ὢẂⵖ. ὢᅪỲⵢᤊંҫ؞லࢢᶾᤊў῾ ⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᶾ૮ⵊ` ק`ὦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ▂↲ὢⴲẂⵖ. צ࿚ ࢆὢᶾ૮ⵊ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ↲ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંתὢᶪᆶࢆࢆᙎ↮ ં↮, צ லϮᶪᆶὦ↮ЋӮ`Ἢ၊☏ ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ὢᶾᴲ ྆ᶾᤊתᶾ૮ⵊ՚⒢`ὦЊा, ☏ ᐗᒃᶾ૮ⵢᢢ⮢ᓢӎ, ὢᅪתў၊ҫ؞லࢢ4Њ᫊·՞ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ תᒮ⹂ᅪᢢ⮢ᓢல။ⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ᱲɝᖒ᮹᮹ၙ᪡ᮁ⩶ ۿŖՁۆۆۆٮÒȝ ῲ⒢ҲᶾᤊתἮẂⵊẂὦⵆࢆὲ. - תὢঀંѱἮᤊᘲ᪒ᅪⴲẂ၊ⵆંᢚེὢᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ⹊ẗ ⵆંᾓᵎϮᶴંѱἲᏦⵖ(خᷯ, 2005). - ᤊᘲ᪒ᾚᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎὢே᫊ϲ, ᘲẗ, ૮؞᫊ϲẂഺ ጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ᅪὢẗⵆ↮ኩⵆѺఆંὪὢᶴல။ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊலᤊᘲ ᪒ῲ⒢Ҳ՚ᶾᤊתὢẂⵊẂὦὲ(லἎ။, 2012; ╊ᷯ, 2010). - ᢚᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ⹆ҫὢᫎⵆӎᴲϮંᤊᘲ᪒ᅪẂ՚ⵆቢᤊ ᤊᘲ᪒תἮᢚᓣ↮⁞↯ҫᾯဓẂⵊẂ၊Ỳ♆ఖ. - תἮᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗὢẗ↋Ϯ(ᐟⵇᷯ ἒᏪᤋ, 2008), ᵿ↶ᤊ ᘲ᪒ᅪὢẗϮઓⵊᘲẗἪ၊↮`ὢӎᴶ `Ἢ၊ ӣⵆᷚᤊᘲ᪒ ẃ՚ⵢҞὢཪં ኗⱊἲ⓷↲ⵖ(OECD, 2006; ὢᾚḲ ⶶᤎ, 2000). תЊा - תὢᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⒢Ҳ၊↲έӪᤊᘲ᪒ҞӪᅪ⯚ⵖⵆં⯛ ँӎ␖Ế`ὦ⃪ ὲ. - Andersen & Newman(1973)ኖ୦ὢᤊᘲ᪒תἲ⮷ϮⵆંϮᾓ؞ ᓦ`ኖ୦ὲ. תἲ‘⹆ϮႺᤊᘲ᪒⒢Ҳ၊↲έⵆᷚ♆ႺӪ ἲ↮`Ἢ၊ ӣᐉં⣊’၊ , ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ⪧ἲὦ, ⓷ ↲, ẃ՚ẂὦἪ၊՚ᕲⵆӎ, ὢഺ⓷↲Ẃὦⵆࢆ၊ў⃪↮ᷛἲ
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ · ேὪⵊல᫊↮ᷛὢཪⵆୂཪலᤊẦ Ṧⵊҫ؞லࢢல᫊↮ᷛἮ ᫊ᕮંல᫊`⪧ἲ↮શӎὶୂཪல᫊Ṧӫὢࢆ՚᫊Ϯ ↮ંॻ⓺↮ᷛ⪧ἲ↮શӎὶἺ. ᷶ᅪᶢ, ૮ⱊ`ὦல᫊↮ ᷛὢཪⵎᨆὶંᨆẾ, ᴶᢞ, ᫊ᷛέᕯே, ⓶↮ே, ӎே ↮ᷛҫẞ૮`Ἢ၊ቢ`Ἦँӎ, ↮ᷛᶾഞཪὦ՚Ꮾ↿ லல࢜Ἲ. · ഺጦᶾὦ՚ኖᅪӎဒⵢே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪў῾⸃ὢࢆ⦣ⵗ⸃Ἢ၊ ῲ⹆ⵎҫẞ⃪Ꮺתὢ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴંѱὢⷲὲ. ąşʪܳлՅࢢॴҵজ߸ݕę܁قԴêࢹʼرآॣԐ२ ᵌᤊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ᾓ῾ᏽⵊҲᅪᢢ⮢ᓢᵆἺ. - ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ҫẞ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ཪ؞ᓢંⷲᾚ՚⁞ᶾᤊἻ·ቢ·ே ᷛⵎЃ⹂ᨆ⃮ᶾצ♆ӎὶἺ. ὢᶾתᓦ`ὦῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ጦ ᅪ ⵢҞⵆ↮ኩⵆંⵊҲϮὶἺ. - ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾѺ⦣ⵗ`ᤊᘲ᪒؞⪮ἲᆶဖⵊં ῾ᶾᤊў῾⸃Ӫ⦣ⵗ⸃ὢẂⵖ. ὢᅪỲⵢᤊંҫ؞லࢢᶾᤊў῾ ⸃, ⦣ⵗ⸃, ᕮᕲў῾⸃ᶾ૮ⵊ` ק`ὦ᫊ᒂᢚᶳ▂↲ὢⴲẂⵖ. צ࿚ ࢆὢᶾ૮ⵊ᫊ᒂᢚᶳἲ↲ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંתὢᶪᆶࢆࢆᙎ↮ ં↮, צ லϮᶪᆶὦ↮ЋӮ`Ἢ၊☏ ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ὢᶾᴲ ྆ᶾᤊתᶾ૮ⵊ՚⒢`ὦЊा, ☏ ᐗᒃᶾ૮ⵢᢢ⮢ᓢӎ, ὢᅪתў၊ҫ؞லࢢ4Њ᫊·՞ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ תᒮ⹂ᅪᢢ⮢ᓢல။ⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ᱲɝᖒ᮹᮹ၙ᪡ᮁ⩶ ۿŖՁۆۆۆٮÒȝ ῲ⒢ҲᶾᤊתἮẂⵊẂὦⵆࢆὲ. - תὢঀંѱἮᤊᘲ᪒ᅪⴲẂ၊ⵆંᢚེὢᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ⹊ẗ ⵆંᾓᵎϮᶴંѱἲᏦⵖ(خᷯ, 2005). - ᤊᘲ᪒ᾚᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎὢே᫊ϲ, ᘲẗ, ૮؞᫊ϲẂഺ ጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ᅪὢẗⵆ↮ኩⵆѺఆંὪὢᶴல။ⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊலᤊᘲ ᪒ῲ⒢Ҳ՚ᶾᤊתὢẂⵊẂὦὲ(லἎ။, 2012; ╊ᷯ, 2010). - ᢚᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ⹆ҫὢᫎⵆӎᴲϮંᤊᘲ᪒ᅪẂ՚ⵆቢᤊ ᤊᘲ᪒תἮᢚᓣ↮⁞↯ҫᾯဓẂⵊẂ၊Ỳ♆ఖ. - תἮᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗὢẗ↋Ϯ(ᐟⵇᷯ ἒᏪᤋ, 2008), ᵿ↶ᤊ ᘲ᪒ᅪὢẗϮઓⵊᘲẗἪ၊↮`ὢӎᴶ `Ἢ၊ ӣⵆᷚᤊᘲ᪒ ẃ՚ⵢҞὢཪં ኗⱊἲ⓷↲ⵖ(OECD, 2006; ὢᾚḲ ⶶᤎ, 2000). תЊा - תὢᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⒢Ҳ၊↲έӪᤊᘲ᪒ҞӪᅪ⯚ⵖⵆં⯛ ँӎ␖Ế`ὦ⃪ ὲ. - Andersen & Newman(1973)ኖ୦ὢᤊᘲ᪒תἲ⮷ϮⵆંϮᾓ؞ ᓦ`ኖ୦ὲ. תἲ‘⹆ϮႺᤊᘲ᪒⒢Ҳ၊↲έⵆᷚ♆ႺӪ ἲ↮`Ἢ၊ ӣᐉં⣊’၊ , ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ⪧ἲὦ, ⓷ ↲, ẃ՚ẂὦἪ၊՚ᕲⵆӎ, ὢഺ⓷↲Ẃὦⵆࢆ၊ў⃪↮ᷛἲ
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᫊ⵖ. Ὢᐆ`Ἢ၊ல᫊↮ᷛὢẗἮॻ⓺ᓢᘲԾ`Ⴚᏽ ᢚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪୂᆼὢὢẗⵊӎᐋ⾆. - خᷯ(2010)Ἦתἲ“⁞↯ὢ`ῶⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ`ῶⵊᢚེᶾѺ ӣⵆંѱ”Ἢ၊ ⵖ. ⵊBaker(2003, ╊ᷯ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ)ંת ἲ“`ⵗⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪೋⵆ؞Ỳⵊ` ⵗⵊ؞ᅪ ӣⵆંѱ”Ἢ၊ ⵖ. - ᤊᘲ᪒תἲᓢᾓⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯὢ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦ᶾ ╊`תἲᓢᾓⵆંᾓᶾỲ♆ⵆӎ⮦ᆚⵊ᫊ϲᶾẢᷯఆ `ῶⵊᨆ⃮᷶ᵫ૮؞Ἆ↮, ⵗᆚ`ὢẗႺ, ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦ᶾѺ⮦ᴶ ⵖἲ ӣⵆં᫊ᤒ ὢⴲẂⵖ(Baker, 2003, ╊ᷯ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). - Ѻὢ☎(Gates)ંᤊᘲ᪒ᅪⴲẂ၊ⵆંᢚེᶾѺᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵊ ጪᆚ` ᢚ ᆚ` ᾓᵎẂὦἲ ўⵆં ѱἪ၊ (⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008, ᾚὦẗ)ⵖ. ⵊ⺖Ӫ`ὦᢚᤊᘲ᪒ ӣἲỲⵊῲẾ♇Ἢ၊ ⯚Ӳ, ת, ᷞҲ, ⦣ⵗ, ὲ ᫊ⵖ. ὢᤊᘲ᪒ת ᾓᵎẂὦἪ၊ંᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ ᓢҞᷚࢆᕮ , ↮ᆚ`ᾓᵎ(Ếўᆚ ંԾ⦣ᕶ⮦), ᆚ`ᾓᵎ(ాဒẮ, ᨆ♆), ᤎ ῶ␖ᾓᵎ(ᢞ⁞ ᢚᶲҗ, ᫊ϲᘲ), Ếᕮ (ᾚ ᕮ ) ἲ ᫊ⵆ؞லⵖ. ۿŖՁۆڮęėÂۺۿŖՁ תἮ⃪၊ᓢѢႺᕲᵪᶾᤊ ఆӎᷞ՚Ϯ↲ఆᶢḢ. תἎ⸃ - McKinlay(1971)ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵊתᐗ᫋ἲҫ `ת, ᢚ ὦ՚ⵇ`ת, ↮ᆚⵇ`ת, ᆚⵇ`ת, ᢚጦ⹂`ת, ⁞↯ ᏽῲ⒢ҲᶾӮⵊת6Ϯ↮၊Ẃᵫ Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ - ὢᅪᐂ⣃Ἢ၊خጦת(2005)ἮתἲἺӪЇὢ ᆚⵖ. ↮ᆚ`ת- ᤊᘲ᪒᫊ᤒὢࢆᤒᘲ, ᤊᘲ᪒ὦဓᨆḮᕲ⯚, ૮ Ծ⦣ὢẗϮઓ, Ծ⦣ᘲẗᏽὢே᫊ϲἲӎဒ ҫ `ת- ᤊᘲ᪒ᘲẗ, ὢẗೋᨆ⃮ἲӎဒ ᢚ ᆚ`ת- ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾഞᅦᢚ`ࢇὦӪᆚ` ᕶ⮦Ͼἲӎဒ ⁞↯ᏽῲ⒢Ҳת- ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗἲỲⵊҗẂѢ, ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ ⒛ῶ␖, ல`ὦ૮ᤎᒲἲӎဒ - GillespieḮMarten(1978)ᷞ՚: ↮ᆚ`ת, ҫ `ת, ᢚⵇ` ת, ⁞↯ὢ၎תἪ၊ᕲᅆ - PenchanskyḮThomas(1981)ᷞ՚: `ⵗЊा`ẗⵆӎ, ┋5Њ ⵆỲᒂ⃪ᅪ ᫊ⵖ. 5Ϯ↮תⵆỲ␖ẾἮᤊ၊⸦ᐞ⢮`ὢ ↮ᴸӎ⸦ẗⵖ. ᷶ᅪᶢ, ᤊᘲ᪒ᕶⵊ↮ᆚ`ᕲ⯚, ⅷ ὢẗϮઓጦ ંⴲᷞ`Ἢ၊؞Ӯغ↮ўᆚࢆԾ⦣ጦ , ⅷ תϮઓጦ ḮலᷞҞ ὢẗϮઓ(availability) : ᾚⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ᅆḮᵿᏽẾ, ⅷ ӣ☏ቢӪὢẗⴲẂᅆḮᵿ, ⅷᨆẂ☏ቢᢚὢӮҲ, ⅷᤊᘲ᪒ᾚᷚᕮᅪᏦ תϮઓ(accessibility) : ᤊᘲ᪒ӣỲ♆ḮὢẗỲ♆ᢚὢ ӮҲ, ⅷᤊᘲ᪒ӣϲ`⸧Ἦ᫊ϲ`תἪ၊ὢேўᆚ, ὢே ᫊ϲ, ὢẗᘲẗὢӮဖ ὢẗ⮦(accommodation) : ᤊᘲ᪒ӣẾ⁞↯ᐗ᫋Ӫὢᅪ ⮦ᆚⵆѺὢẗⵎᨆὶંὢẗઓဓᏽ`ⵗὦ᫋ϲӮҲ, ૮؞᫊ϲ, ؞ӮẢ᫊ᷯϲ, ῲ⹂ᤊᘲ᪒ᷚᕮἲ☏ ↮ᕶϮઓ(affordability) : ᤊᘲ᪒ϮҗӪὢẗ↮ᕶઓဓ, ೋ, ᓢⷆϲӮҲᅪᏦⵆ, ೋ, Ⴚᓢⷆ, ᤊᘲ᪒Ϯҗ Ἢ၊☏
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᫊ⵖ. Ὢᐆ`Ἢ၊ல᫊↮ᷛὢẗἮॻ⓺ᓢᘲԾ`Ⴚᏽ ᢚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪୂᆼὢὢẗⵊӎᐋ⾆. - خᷯ(2010)Ἦתἲ“⁞↯ὢ`ῶⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ`ῶⵊᢚེᶾѺ ӣⵆંѱ”Ἢ၊ ⵖ. ⵊBaker(2003, ╊ᷯ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ)ંת ἲ“`ⵗⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪೋⵆ؞Ỳⵊ` ⵗⵊ؞ᅪ ӣⵆંѱ”Ἢ၊ ⵖ. - ᤊᘲ᪒תἲᓢᾓⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯὢ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦ᶾ ╊`תἲᓢᾓⵆંᾓᶾỲ♆ⵆӎ⮦ᆚⵊ᫊ϲᶾẢᷯఆ `ῶⵊᨆ⃮᷶ᵫ૮؞Ἆ↮, ⵗᆚ`ὢẗႺ, ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦ᶾѺ⮦ᴶ ⵖἲ ӣⵆં᫊ᤒ ὢⴲẂⵖ(Baker, 2003, ╊ᷯ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). - Ѻὢ☎(Gates)ંᤊᘲ᪒ᅪⴲẂ၊ⵆંᢚེᶾѺᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵊ ጪᆚ` ᢚ ᆚ` ᾓᵎẂὦἲ ўⵆં ѱἪ၊ (⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008, ᾚὦẗ)ⵖ. ⵊ⺖Ӫ`ὦᢚᤊᘲ᪒ ӣἲỲⵊῲẾ♇Ἢ၊ ⯚Ӳ, ת, ᷞҲ, ⦣ⵗ, ὲ ᫊ⵖ. ὢᤊᘲ᪒ת ᾓᵎẂὦἪ၊ંᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊ ᓢҞᷚࢆᕮ , ↮ᆚ`ᾓᵎ(Ếўᆚ ંԾ⦣ᕶ⮦), ᆚ`ᾓᵎ(ాဒẮ, ᨆ♆), ᤎ ῶ␖ᾓᵎ(ᢞ⁞ ᢚᶲҗ, ᫊ϲᘲ), Ếᕮ (ᾚ ᕮ ) ἲ ᫊ⵆ؞லⵖ. ۿŖՁۆڮęėÂۺۿŖՁ תἮ⃪၊ᓢѢႺᕲᵪᶾᤊ ఆӎᷞ՚Ϯ↲ఆᶢḢ. תἎ⸃ - McKinlay(1971)ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾ૮ⵊתᐗ᫋ἲҫ `ת, ᢚ ὦ՚ⵇ`ת, ↮ᆚⵇ`ת, ᆚⵇ`ת, ᢚጦ⹂`ת, ⁞↯ ᏽῲ⒢ҲᶾӮⵊת6Ϯ↮၊Ẃᵫ Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ - ὢᅪᐂ⣃Ἢ၊خጦת(2005)ἮתἲἺӪЇὢ ᆚⵖ. ↮ᆚ`ת- ᤊᘲ᪒᫊ᤒὢࢆᤒᘲ, ᤊᘲ᪒ὦဓᨆḮᕲ⯚, ૮ Ծ⦣ὢẗϮઓ, Ծ⦣ᘲẗᏽὢே᫊ϲἲӎဒ ҫ `ת- ᤊᘲ᪒ᘲẗ, ὢẗೋᨆ⃮ἲӎဒ ᢚ ᆚ`ת- ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾഞᅦᢚ`ࢇὦӪᆚ` ᕶ⮦Ͼἲӎဒ ⁞↯ᏽῲ⒢Ҳת- ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗἲỲⵊҗẂѢ, ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ ⒛ῶ␖, ல`ὦ૮ᤎᒲἲӎဒ - GillespieḮMarten(1978)ᷞ՚: ↮ᆚ`ת, ҫ `ת, ᢚⵇ` ת, ⁞↯ὢ၎תἪ၊ᕲᅆ - PenchanskyḮThomas(1981)ᷞ՚: `ⵗЊा`ẗⵆӎ, ┋5Њ ⵆỲᒂ⃪ᅪ ᫊ⵖ. 5Ϯ↮תⵆỲ␖ẾἮᤊ၊⸦ᐞ⢮`ὢ ↮ᴸӎ⸦ẗⵖ. ᷶ᅪᶢ, ᤊᘲ᪒ᕶⵊ↮ᆚ`ᕲ⯚, ⅷ ὢẗϮઓጦ ંⴲᷞ`Ἢ၊؞Ӯغ↮ўᆚࢆԾ⦣ጦ , ⅷ תϮઓጦ ḮலᷞҞ ὢẗϮઓ(availability) : ᾚⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ᅆḮᵿᏽẾ, ⅷ ӣ☏ቢӪὢẗⴲẂᅆḮᵿ, ⅷᨆẂ☏ቢᢚὢӮҲ, ⅷᤊᘲ᪒ᾚᷚᕮᅪᏦ תϮઓ(accessibility) : ᤊᘲ᪒ӣỲ♆ḮὢẗỲ♆ᢚὢ ӮҲ, ⅷᤊᘲ᪒ӣϲ`⸧Ἦ᫊ϲ`תἪ၊ὢேўᆚ, ὢே ᫊ϲ, ὢẗᘲẗὢӮဖ ὢẗ⮦(accommodation) : ᤊᘲ᪒ӣẾ⁞↯ᐗ᫋Ӫὢᅪ ⮦ᆚⵆѺὢẗⵎᨆὶંὢẗઓဓᏽ`ⵗὦ᫋ϲӮҲ, ૮؞᫊ϲ, ؞ӮẢ᫊ᷯϲ, ῲ⹂ᤊᘲ᪒ᷚᕮἲ☏ ↮ᕶϮઓ(affordability) : ᤊᘲ᪒ϮҗӪὢẗ↮ᕶઓဓ, ೋ, ᓢⷆϲӮҲᅪᏦⵆ, ೋ, Ⴚᓢⷆ, ᤊᘲ᪒Ϯҗ Ἢ၊☏
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⸦ᨆẗ(acceptability) : ὢẗӣᶾ૮ⵊ⣊லḮ ӣ ⪧ᢚὢӮҲ⸧Ἦӣὢẗ⪧ᶾ૮ⵊ⣊ல, ⅷ ὢẗ⣊ல, ؞૮, ᢚጦ⹂`ᐞҫӪӣ⪧ἲӎဒ - Salsberg & Forte(2002) : תϮઓ, ὢẗϮઓ, ↮ᕶϮઓ, ᨆẗϮઓ , `ἿϮઓἪ၊՚ᕲ. ὢתϮઓӪὢẗϮઓἮኖాỲ ♆(location)ḮӮဖఊЊा, תϮઓ : ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ḯ ᤊᘲ᪒ ↮῾ ᢚὢ ὢேᾓᵎ(travel impediment)ᅪᏦⵆંѱἪ၊ўᆚࢆὢே᫊ϲἲỲ၊☏ , ጪ ᆚ`ўᆚᅪ؞⓶၊ⵊ⮷ቢ`ⷲ ὢẗϮઓ: צ↮ᷛᶾᤊ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ϯᤎ⣋ⵎᨆὶંᤊᘲ᪒ᨆ ᅪᏦ, ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ⹃ᓢᶾ⓶῾ - ӣϲת(spatial accessibility) : תӪὢẗϮઓὢ⁞⹂ఊЊाὲ (Luo, Wang & Douglass, 2004, ⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008, ᾚὦẗ). · ᵿⵊת␖Ếጪᆚ`ўᆚᶾ؞ᐆⵢӣϲ`⸃⮷ӪᷞҞ ⵆંӣϲ`תᷞ՚Ϯ⹊ᐊⵖ. · תἲϮᾓᨊⵆѺંⵊỲ♆ᶾᤊᅦⵊỲ♆၊ὢேẗὢ ἲᏦⵆંѱṦᶾ, ؞ᾎᾚဓ, ⅷ⃪ᶢ↲Ỳ♆ᶾᤊὪ ⵊ ўᆚࢢᶾ⯚ⵖఆં؞⡚؞ᅪᏦⵆ؞லⵖ. ഞཪᤊתἮ ኗ`↮غ↮ὢேẗὢӪኗ`↮ᶾᤊὢẗϮઓⵊ⹊ேᵿὢࢆ ↶, ⪧ἲ⯚ⵖⵆંЊाὲ(Johnson et al., 2000; Hansen, 1959; O'Kelly & Horner, 2003, Handey & Niemeier, 1997, ⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). - ὢೝ╊תᶾંӣӣᤊᘲ᪒תᶾ૮ⵊ४Ϯᤊᘲ᪒ᐞᕲӪӮ ဖఊӣϲ`⸃⮷ὢ᩶ḮᷞҞఆᶢ↲ఆቢᤊ↲ఖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ۿŖՁۆࠑ܁ ӣϲ`ת४ંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣغ↮ўᆚ(distance)Ϯᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ᶾѺᤊᘲ᪒ת᫊ἎᏦⵊᾓᵎ၊ẗⵎᨆὶંጦ ᶾᤊ ▊ᐊⵖ(Hunter et al., 1986. ⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). ૮ᨆתᷞ՚ં↮ᆚ`, ⅷጪᆚ`ὦўᆚᅪӎဒⵖ. - ὢṦᶾὢே᫊ϲἲӎဒⵆ᫊ᷚϲўᆚᅪⵖۆ☏ ⵆ؞லⵖ. ᆼἮ ᓢѢᤊᘲ᪒תᶾ૮ⵊᷞ՚ᶾᤊં૮↮ᷛὢல᫊ॻ⓺ὢ ⦣ᨆᶾ૮ⵊӎဒᶴὢἎ⡢ᆚೊўᆚᅪᢚẗⵆўࢆԾ⦣ᇋᶾ؞ ⓶ⵊўᆚ⸧ἮẂ᫊ϲἲᢚẗⵖ(⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010). - ᢚᓣ↮᫊ᤒἲἪ၊ӣϲתἲᷞ՚ⵊҫẞўᆚḮ᫊ϲўᆚ ၊☏ (⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008)ⵖ. ўᆚ☏ ᐗᒃἲὢẗⵆᷮἲҫẞᷯἎᴲᏽ ᴲே⒛लӪᾓᵎὦӣϲתὢϮᾓ࢜Ἲ. ᫊ϲўᆚ☏ ᐗᒃὢ ẗ᫊ӣϲתὢϮᾓ࢜Ἦ૮Ἦ०ὦὲ. ῲ⒢`Ἢ၊૮ல᫊ӣ ϲתὢঀἺ. ӣϲ`ת☏ ᐗᒃἮᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ὲ. - Guagliado(2004)ᷞ՚ᶾⵆቢ, תἮўᆚ؞ᐆ, ⸦ẗ؞ᐆ, ৲`؞؞ᐆ, ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆἪ၊☏ ఖ. ўᆚ؞ᐆת: ϮᾓϮغẢᤊᘲ᪒᫊ᤒغ↮ўᆚ(↯ᤎўᆚ, ல၊ўᆚ, ⦣᫊ϲ)ᅪἪ၊☏ . ⸦ẗ؞ᐆת: ⃪ᒮᶾᤊὢẗϮઓⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᨆ⃮☏ ⵖ. ৲`؞؞ᐆת: ϯᨆẂ↮ᒲ၊ᤒ ఊὲҲўᆚࢢᶾᤊ ӣఆંᤊᘲ᪒┋ྷἲ⹊ẗ. ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆת: ϯᶾὪ ⵊ⢾ᢷᐆҫἲᤒ ⵊ⺲ὢᶾ ⯚ⵖఆંኖӣྷἲὢẗⵆᷚⵢ૧↮῾ᶾᤊᏮலҲᢞⵖ. ὢ
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⸦ᨆẗ(acceptability) : ὢẗӣᶾ૮ⵊ⣊லḮ ӣ ⪧ᢚὢӮҲ⸧Ἦӣὢẗ⪧ᶾ૮ⵊ⣊ல, ⅷ ὢẗ⣊ல, ؞૮, ᢚጦ⹂`ᐞҫӪӣ⪧ἲӎဒ - Salsberg & Forte(2002) : תϮઓ, ὢẗϮઓ, ↮ᕶϮઓ, ᨆẗϮઓ , `ἿϮઓἪ၊՚ᕲ. ὢתϮઓӪὢẗϮઓἮኖాỲ ♆(location)ḮӮဖఊЊा, תϮઓ : ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ḯ ᤊᘲ᪒ ↮῾ ᢚὢ ὢேᾓᵎ(travel impediment)ᅪᏦⵆંѱἪ၊ўᆚࢆὢே᫊ϲἲỲ၊☏ , ጪ ᆚ`ўᆚᅪ؞⓶၊ⵊ⮷ቢ`ⷲ ὢẗϮઓ: צ↮ᷛᶾᤊ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ϯᤎ⣋ⵎᨆὶંᤊᘲ᪒ᨆ ᅪᏦ, ᤊᘲ᪒ӣ⹃ᓢᶾ⓶῾ - ӣϲת(spatial accessibility) : תӪὢẗϮઓὢ⁞⹂ఊЊाὲ (Luo, Wang & Douglass, 2004, ⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008, ᾚὦẗ). · ᵿⵊת␖Ếጪᆚ`ўᆚᶾ؞ᐆⵢӣϲ`⸃⮷ӪᷞҞ ⵆંӣϲ`תᷞ՚Ϯ⹊ᐊⵖ. · תἲϮᾓᨊⵆѺંⵊỲ♆ᶾᤊᅦⵊỲ♆၊ὢேẗὢ ἲᏦⵆંѱṦᶾ, ؞ᾎᾚဓ, ⅷ⃪ᶢ↲Ỳ♆ᶾᤊὪ ⵊ ўᆚࢢᶾ⯚ⵖఆં؞⡚؞ᅪᏦⵆ؞லⵖ. ഞཪᤊתἮ ኗ`↮غ↮ὢேẗὢӪኗ`↮ᶾᤊὢẗϮઓⵊ⹊ேᵿὢࢆ ↶, ⪧ἲ⯚ⵖⵆંЊाὲ(Johnson et al., 2000; Hansen, 1959; O'Kelly & Horner, 2003, Handey & Niemeier, 1997, ⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). - ὢೝ╊תᶾંӣӣᤊᘲ᪒תᶾ૮ⵊ४Ϯᤊᘲ᪒ᐞᕲӪӮ ဖఊӣϲ`⸃⮷ὢ᩶ḮᷞҞఆᶢ↲ఆቢᤊ↲ఖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ۿŖՁۆࠑ܁ ӣϲ`ת४ંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣغ↮ўᆚ(distance)Ϯᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ᶾѺᤊᘲ᪒ת᫊ἎᏦⵊᾓᵎ၊ẗⵎᨆὶંጦ ᶾᤊ ▊ᐊⵖ(Hunter et al., 1986. ⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2010, ᾚὦẗ). ૮ᨆתᷞ՚ં↮ᆚ`, ⅷጪᆚ`ὦўᆚᅪӎဒⵖ. - ὢṦᶾὢே᫊ϲἲӎဒⵆ᫊ᷚϲўᆚᅪⵖۆ☏ ⵆ؞லⵖ. ᆼἮ ᓢѢᤊᘲ᪒תᶾ૮ⵊᷞ՚ᶾᤊં૮↮ᷛὢல᫊ॻ⓺ὢ ⦣ᨆᶾ૮ⵊӎဒᶴὢἎ⡢ᆚೊўᆚᅪᢚẗⵆўࢆԾ⦣ᇋᶾ؞ ⓶ⵊўᆚ⸧ἮẂ᫊ϲἲᢚẗⵖ(⁞૮ⶺṦ, 2010). - ᢚᓣ↮᫊ᤒἲἪ၊ӣϲתἲᷞ՚ⵊҫẞўᆚḮ᫊ϲўᆚ ၊☏ (⸻ⷲᏦཪ, 2008)ⵖ. ўᆚ☏ ᐗᒃἲὢẗⵆᷮἲҫẞᷯἎᴲᏽ ᴲே⒛लӪᾓᵎὦӣϲתὢϮᾓ࢜Ἲ. ᫊ϲўᆚ☏ ᐗᒃὢ ẗ᫊ӣϲתὢϮᾓ࢜Ἦ૮Ἦ०ὦὲ. ῲ⒢`Ἢ၊૮ல᫊ӣ ϲתὢঀἺ. ӣϲ`ת☏ ᐗᒃἮᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ὲ. - Guagliado(2004)ᷞ՚ᶾⵆቢ, תἮўᆚ؞ᐆ, ⸦ẗ؞ᐆ, ৲`؞؞ᐆ, ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆἪ၊☏ ఖ. ўᆚ؞ᐆת: ϮᾓϮغẢᤊᘲ᪒᫊ᤒغ↮ўᆚ(↯ᤎўᆚ, ல၊ўᆚ, ⦣᫊ϲ)ᅪἪ၊☏ . ⸦ẗ؞ᐆת: ⃪ᒮᶾᤊὢẗϮઓⵊᤊᘲ᪒ᨆ⃮☏ ⵖ. ৲`؞؞ᐆת: ϯᨆẂ↮ᒲ၊ᤒ ఊὲҲўᆚࢢᶾᤊ ӣఆંᤊᘲ᪒┋ྷἲ⹊ẗ. ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆת: ϯᶾὪ ⵊ⢾ᢷᐆҫἲᤒ ⵊ⺲ὢᶾ ⯚ⵖఆંኖӣྷἲὢẗⵆᷚⵢ૧↮῾ᶾᤊᏮலҲᢞⵖ. ὢ
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ࿚ⵊӣᏮலЀἲⵢ૧Ỳ♆ᶾᤊὦ՚Ꮾல၊ࢆ৲ᶢת ↮ᨆᢞ▊. - ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008) ᫊ᷛ؞ᷞ՚ᅪѮ⦎ⵆቢᤊጪᆚ`תἲ☏ ⵆં 4Ϯ↮ᐗᒃἲ ᫊ⵖ. ὦ՚↿૮ᘲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᘲ: ᵌᤊ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆת ӪἎᢚⵢὪ ⵊ↮ᷛᶾ ӣఆંᤊᘲ᪒ӣⷲ⫺ᴳⵢ☏ ⵖ. צ࿚ࢆӣϲתᶾᤊ؞ᐆὢఆંўᆚᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮᕮ ⵖ. ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᶾ૮ⵊўᆚ: ϮᾓϮغẢ ӣᶾ૮ⵊўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆўࢆ ӣᤦ⪦Ḯўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. ဓኖ୦: ⵗᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↮ὦ՚↿Ӫᤊᘲ᪒↮῾ϲᾎᾚ `ӣϲ⸦ẗἲ☏ ⵆંѱὲ. תἲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣḮў ᆚ၊؞⃮ἲᢪ؞ഺጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᨆϮ↋Ϯⵆቢת↋Ϯ ᅪேᐆⵖ. ٍ҆ĵۆۿŖՁ ᵌᤊתӪӮဖఊᷞ՚ᅪѮ⦎ⵊҞӪӣϲתἮጪᆚ`ת ӪὢẗϮઓὢ⁞ⵗఊЊाὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ὢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં ⃪၊ጪᆚ`תᶾ؞⓶ⵢᤊᷞ՚ᅪ↲ⵖ. - ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008)Ϯ↮`ೝὢᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯☏ ⵊ ᷞ՚ંўᴲᓪᨆᶴં⹗ὲ. - ӣӣᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ӣંᒃ`ὦ ⵆᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵊં῾ ᶾᤊኖᢚེᶾѺὢẗϮઓὢ૮`Ἢ၊⸃⮷ⵖ. ὢᶾጪᆚ` ὦўᆚϮ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾὶᶢ␖ὢ၊ᷞҞఊં῾ᶾᤊጪᆚ` תᶾ↿ⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ⵊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંጪᆚ`תἲ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃἮᤎᷞ՚ᶾᤊѮ ⦎ⵎᨆὶೝὢᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ὲ. ὢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ᶾϮᾓ`ⵗⵊᐗᒃἮ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - ὢᏦὦ՚૮ᘲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᘲἲ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὢࢆဓኖ୦Ἦᵿ ⵊᐗᒃἪ၊ᕲᤋఆᶢṂἺ. ഺጦᶾᢚᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊў⹊ẗఆ↮ᴸἮ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯☏ ⵆல။ⵖ. ጢᶵᓢᓦᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ↯`ὦў⃪↮ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊં ῾ᶾᤊጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᾓ῾ὢὶἺ. - ጪᆚ`תἲᷞ՚ⵎഺᵌᤊᵿⵊᷞ՚ᐗᒃ၎ᶾ ᫊ఆંὢ Ἆં ⵊ ఊӣϲᶾᤊᘲ᪒ӣϮᷚὢཪં῾, ὢᶾᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ᤎ⣋պὢጪᆚ`ўᆚᓢẂⵆં῾ഺጦὲ. ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗў⃪↮ ᓢᅪᩫѺ⫺ᴳⵆ؞ᶢဣં῾ഺጦὲ. - ᐆቢ, ᓦᷞ՚ંӣӣᤊᘲ᪒ ӣཪં῾ᶾᤊ ⵢ↲ὲҲўᆚࢢᶾᤊᤊ ᘲ᪒ӣϮள῾`ὦỲ♆ᅪ␖↮ⵆӎὶἺ. ഺጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᤎ⣋ պὢ⡚Ѻẗఆ↮ᴸંᕲᵪὲ. ⵊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં↯`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ ᅪᐉંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗў⃪↮ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵎᨆὶἺ. - ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ંጪᆚ`ὦўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢתἲ☏ ⵆ, ↯` Ἢ၊ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢתἲ☏ ⵖ. ўᆚ☏ ᕲᤋᒃ - ῶ૮ўᆚ(Ἆ⡢ᆚೊ)ᅪὢẗⵆᷚўᆚ☏ ⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊல↯`ὦ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮӣὦἻ·ቢ·ேᢚጢḮ↯ᤎўᆚᅪᏦ⤞(meter) ၊☏
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ࿚ⵊӣᏮலЀἲⵢ૧Ỳ♆ᶾᤊὦ՚Ꮾல၊ࢆ৲ᶢת ↮ᨆᢞ▊. - ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008) ᫊ᷛ؞ᷞ՚ᅪѮ⦎ⵆቢᤊጪᆚ`תἲ☏ ⵆં 4Ϯ↮ᐗᒃἲ ᫊ⵖ. ὦ՚↿૮ᘲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᘲ: ᵌᤊ⛒ࣾᏮல؞ᐆת ӪἎᢚⵢὪ ⵊ↮ᷛᶾ ӣఆંᤊᘲ᪒ӣⷲ⫺ᴳⵢ☏ ⵖ. צ࿚ࢆӣϲתᶾᤊ؞ᐆὢఆંўᆚᶾ૮ⵊӎဒϮᕮ ⵖ. ᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᶾ૮ⵊўᆚ: ϮᾓϮغẢ ӣᶾ૮ⵊўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆўࢆ ӣᤦ⪦Ḯўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. ဓኖ୦: ⵗᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↮ὦ՚↿Ӫᤊᘲ᪒↮῾ϲᾎᾚ `ӣϲ⸦ẗἲ☏ ⵆંѱὲ. תἲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣḮў ᆚ၊؞⃮ἲᢪ؞ഺጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᨆϮ↋Ϯⵆቢת↋Ϯ ᅪேᐆⵖ. ٍ҆ĵۆۿŖՁ ᵌᤊתӪӮဖఊᷞ՚ᅪѮ⦎ⵊҞӪӣϲתἮጪᆚ`ת ӪὢẗϮઓὢ⁞ⵗఊЊाὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ὢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં ⃪၊ጪᆚ`תᶾ؞⓶ⵢᤊᷞ՚ᅪ↲ⵖ. - ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008)Ϯ↮`ೝὢᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯☏ ⵊ ᷞ՚ંўᴲᓪᨆᶴં⹗ὲ. - ӣӣᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ӣંᒃ`ὦ ⵆᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵊં῾ ᶾᤊኖᢚེᶾѺὢẗϮઓὢ૮`Ἢ၊⸃⮷ⵖ. ὢᶾጪᆚ` ὦўᆚϮ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᶾὶᶢ␖ὢ၊ᷞҞఊં῾ᶾᤊጪᆚ` תᶾ↿ⵖ. Ⳓ ᯕುᱢ á☁ ⵊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંጪᆚ`תἲ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃἮᤎᷞ՚ᶾᤊѮ ⦎ⵎᨆὶೝὢᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ὲ. ὢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ᶾϮᾓ`ⵗⵊᐗᒃἮ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - ὢᏦὦ՚૮ᘲᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᘲἲ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὢࢆဓኖ୦Ἦᵿ ⵊᐗᒃἪ၊ᕲᤋఆᶢṂἺ. ഺጦᶾᢚᓣ↮ᕲᵪᶾᤊў⹊ẗఆ↮ᴸἮ ጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ↯☏ ⵆல။ⵖ. ጢᶵᓢᓦᷞ՚ંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ↯`ὦў⃪↮ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊં ῾ᶾᤊጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᾓ῾ὢὶἺ. - ጪᆚ`תἲᷞ՚ⵎഺᵌᤊᵿⵊᷞ՚ᐗᒃ၎ᶾ ᫊ఆંὢ Ἆં ⵊ ఊӣϲᶾᤊᘲ᪒ӣϮᷚὢཪં῾, ὢᶾᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ᤎ⣋պὢጪᆚ`ўᆚᓢẂⵆં῾ഺጦὲ. ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗў⃪↮ ᓢᅪᩫѺ⫺ᴳⵆ؞ᶢဣં῾ഺጦὲ. - ᐆቢ, ᓦᷞ՚ંӣӣᤊᘲ᪒ ӣཪં῾ᶾᤊ ⵢ↲ὲҲўᆚࢢᶾᤊᤊ ᘲ᪒ӣϮள῾`ὦỲ♆ᅪ␖↮ⵆӎὶἺ. ഺጦᶾᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᤎ⣋ պὢ⡚Ѻẗఆ↮ᴸંᕲᵪὲ. ⵊᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં↯`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ ᅪᐉંᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗў⃪↮ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵎᨆὶἺ. - ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ંጪᆚ`ὦўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢתἲ☏ ⵆ, ↯` Ἢ၊ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ↯ᤎўᆚᅪ⦣ⵢתἲ☏ ⵖ. ўᆚ☏ ᕲᤋᒃ - ῶ૮ўᆚ(Ἆ⡢ᆚೊ)ᅪὢẗⵆᷚўᆚ☏ ⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊல↯`ὦ ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮӣὦἻ·ቢ·ேᢚጢḮ↯ᤎўᆚᅪᏦ⤞(meter) ၊☏
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ӣϲתἲ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ϯᤎ⸦ⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᾚᐗⶓὢᶪ ᆶࢆᐗⵢᐉ↮ᴸ ંϮᶾⵢᷯⶓἲᐉἺ. צ࿚ࢆӣӣὦⳲཪὦἻ·ቢ· ேᢚጢ⸧Ἦ᫊·՞ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ӣᾚ↮ᒮ⹂Ϯ ⡚↮ᴸἺ. ⳓ ᩑǍ ᖅĥ ֜ডծ ᇥᕾႊჶၰᩑǍᯱഭ ᕲᤋⳲ၊צྖ - ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᕲᤋᶾંᵿⵊⳲ၊צྖὢ⹊ẗఆ, ૮ⱊ`Ἢ၊ Arcview Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ⵊ╊תQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖ᫊ᷛ↮ᆚ ᓢ ᅪ⦣ⵢᵿⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵢ⹊ẗఆӎὶἺ. - Q-GISંᴲ⡚ᗞⳲ၊צྖӪἎᢚⵊᕲᤋὢϮઓⵆ, Ḓ᪒၊Њᐊ ఆᶢ৲՚ࢆᢚẗϮઓⵆંᾓ῾ἲϮ↮ӎὶᶢᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊ⹊ẗⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊᢚẗⵖQ-GISંᑲῲ2.0.1ὲ. - ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵢᤊં ҫҲVector ႺϮⴲẂⵖ. Ϯᾓ╊תႺϮ⦣Ҳ⒛ᶾᤊ ӣⵆં2011लႺὲ. ഺጦᶾ⃪᫊ᷚ ં⃪ᷚ՞Ἢ၊ᕲᤋఖ. ᴶᢞ᫊, ՚ᆚ᫊, ⃪᫊ᷚં2010ल, 2011ल ҫҲᒮ⹂Ϯᶴᶢ2010लႺᅪ⹊ẗⵆ, ⫺⃪᫊ં ҫҲϮᒮ⹂ ఆᶢ2011ल؞⃮ἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ᕲᤋᐗᒃ - Q-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮᤊᘲ᪒ӣϲўᆚᅪ⫺ᴳ ⵎᨆὶંᐗᒃὢHub lineӪDistance to nearest hubὢὶἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ӣϲתἲ⡢ཪὢᶦ⪦Ϯᤎ⸦ⵆંᤊᘲ᪒ ӣᾚᐗⶓὢᶪ ᆶࢆᐗⵢᐉ↮ᴸ ંϮᶾⵢᷯⶓἲᐉἺ. צ࿚ࢆӣӣὦⳲཪὦἻ·ቢ· ேᢚጢ⸧Ἦ᫊·՞ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ӣᾚ↮ᒮ⹂Ϯ ⡚↮ᴸἺ. ⳓ ᩑǍ ᖅĥ ֜ডծ ᇥᕾႊჶၰᩑǍᯱഭ ᕲᤋⳲ၊צྖ - ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᕲᤋᶾંᵿⵊⳲ၊צྖὢ⹊ẗఆ, ૮ⱊ`Ἢ၊ Arcview Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ⵊ╊תQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖ᫊ᷛ↮ᆚ ᓢ ᅪ⦣ⵢᵿⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵢ⹊ẗఆӎὶἺ. - Q-GISંᴲ⡚ᗞⳲ၊צྖӪἎᢚⵊᕲᤋὢϮઓⵆ, Ḓ᪒၊Њᐊ ఆᶢ৲՚ࢆᢚẗϮઓⵆંᾓ῾ἲϮ↮ӎὶᶢᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊ⹊ẗⵖ. ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊᢚẗⵖQ-GISંᑲῲ2.0.1ὲ. - ↮ᆚ ᓢᅪ⹊ẗⵊᕲᤋἲỲⵢᤊં ҫҲVector ႺϮⴲẂⵖ. Ϯᾓ╊תႺϮ⦣Ҳ⒛ᶾᤊ ӣⵆં2011लႺὲ. ഺጦᶾ⃪᫊ᷚ ં⃪ᷚ՞Ἢ၊ᕲᤋఖ. ᴶᢞ᫊, ՚ᆚ᫊, ⃪᫊ᷚં2010ल, 2011ल ҫҲᒮ⹂Ϯᶴᶢ2010लႺᅪ⹊ẗⵆ, ⫺⃪᫊ં ҫҲϮᒮ⹂ ఆᶢ2011ल؞⃮ἲ⹊ẗⵖ. ᕲᤋᐗᒃ - Q-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮᤊᘲ᪒ӣϲўᆚᅪ⫺ᴳ ⵎᨆὶંᐗᒃὢHub lineӪDistance to nearest hubὢὶἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - Hub-Line ᕲᤋἮᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮ ⵢ↲ᤊᘲ᪒ӣϲўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - Distance to nearest hubંў⃪↮ᶾⵊἻ·ቢ·ேὢᴲશཪϮᾓϮغẢ Ἳ·ቢ·ேغ↮ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંὢాϮ↮ᐗᒃἲኖా⹊ẗⵢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮἻ·ቢ· ேϲўᆚᅪ☏ ⵖ. ᷞ՚Ⴚ - Q-GISᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞Ḯጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆ؞ỲⵢⴲẂⵊѱὢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗў⃪↮ᅪ⹃ᓢⵆંѱὲ. - ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚ં2012लҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚᶾᤊᨆఊ ҫ؞லጢⵊᓲᤪ ⤞⺖ӪѮ↋ ᷞ՚ᶾᤊ⹊ẗఊႺᅪ⹊ẗⵖ. - ҫ؞லጢⵊᓲᤪ⤞⺖ӪѮ↋ᷞ՚ ᶾᤊ⹊ẗఊႺં2010ल1 Ểᕮ⤞2012ल5Ểغ↮ጢⵊᓲᤪ⤞⦣ⵗᢚီӮᆚ૮Ἢ၊ᤎ ఆ ᶢ, ᢚီӮᆚᅪᐉᵆҫⷆὢὶંҫ؞லᏪὲ. ὢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚૮ ᫊( )ὦᴶᢞ, ՚ᆚ, ⫺⃪, ⃪ᷚᢚီӮᆚ૮Ⴚᅪ⹊ẗⵖ. ᢚ ီӮᆚϮ՚ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆϮ՚லᆼӎ, ᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᵿⵊᤊ ᘲ᪒ᅪᐉં↿ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᏽᢚီӮᆚ؞ӮӪ ጪᆚ`תὢẂⵊ↿ὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⃪Ϯ⹃ὦఆ↮ᴸં૮ᅪ Ṧⵆӎ՚ᆚ78Ϯ՚, ᴶᢞ101Ϯ՚, ⫺⃪77Ϯ՚, ⃪ᷚ18Ϯ՚ᅪἪ၊תἲᢢ⮢ᓲ. ⳓ ᩑǍ ᖅĥ ᇥᕾ༉⩶ תἮᢚီӮᆚת, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᶳጢתἪ၊՚ᕲⵖ. ὢᅪ՚ᕲ ⵆંὢἎંᢚီӮᆚᶳጢḮἻ·ቢ·ேᶳጢϮⷲᾚ᫊᪒⥊ᶾᤊᕲᆚఆᶢ ὶӎ, ᨆⵆંӡỲ♆லᅢ؞ഺጦὲ. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ 2012 ᢚᓣ ↮⦣ⵗᶳጢᴶࢢ ᶾⵆቢ, Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ᫊·՞⦣ⵗ⁞ᢚ⫮, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ ẾᢚီӮᆚૢ૧ᕮᤊϮᨆⵎᶳጢᅪ ᆚఆᶢὶἺ. ᢚီӮᆚ: ᫊⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếᶾᤊᨆⵖ. ᆺ, ҫ؞லંጢⵊ ᓲᤪ⤞ᅪ⦣ⵢպᷛỲ၊ᢚီӮᆚᶳጢᅪᨆⵆӎὶἺ. ⓶؞ૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ: Ἳ·ቢ·ேᶳጢᶾᤊᨆⵖ. ⵊல᫊↮ᷛ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἲ՚ᕲⵖ. - ல᫊↮ᷛἮ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃ἲⷆⵢᓪᨆὶં↮ᷛὲ. ὢᶾல᫊↮ᷛ ἮⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ϲת␖ὢᅪᢢ⮢ᓲ. - ᐆቢ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞᫊ᒂ▂↲↮ᷛὢ؞ᶾἻ· ቢ·ேἮⷲᾚצ૮၊Ἆ↮ⵆંᐗ᫋ὲ. ഺጦᶾॻ⓺↮ᷛתἮ ᫊·՞ᶾᤊẢᷯⵆં⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ẾӪתᶾ↿ⵢᤊᕲᤋⵖ. - லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮ᫊ࢢல᫊↮ᷛἮ⦣ⵗ⸃Ӫў῾⸃ἲⷆⵢᓪᨆὶ↮ ᆺ᫊Ṧӫॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ`ⵗⵊ⪧⇃ὢ ὶἺ. ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં᫊ࢢᅪἪ၊ંў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ḮἻ· ቢ·ேϲת␖ὢᅪᢢ⮢ᓲ. צ࿚ࢆ᫊Ṧӫᕮᕲў῾⸃ҫẞ ᫊( )Ḯתᶾ↿ⵢᕲᤋⵖ. - ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚૮ὦ4Њ᫊·՞ኖ⸃ἮἺӪЇἺ. ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ: ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃ኖ⸃ ⫺⃪: ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃+ պᷛᤪ⤞(ᕮᕲў῾⸃) ⃪ᷚ: պᷛᤪ⤞ኖ⸃
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - Hub-Line ᕲᤋἮᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮ ⵢ↲ᤊᘲ᪒ӣϲўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - Distance to nearest hubંў⃪↮ᶾⵊἻ·ቢ·ேὢᴲશཪϮᾓϮغẢ Ἳ·ቢ·ேغ↮ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆંᐗᒃὲ. - ᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊંὢాϮ↮ᐗᒃἲኖా⹊ẗⵢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮἻ·ቢ· ேϲўᆚᅪ☏ ⵖ. ᷞ՚Ⴚ - Q-GISᶾᤊᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗḮў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞Ḯጪᆚ`ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆ؞ỲⵢⴲẂⵊѱὢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗў⃪↮ᅪ⹃ᓢⵆંѱὲ. - ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚ં2012लҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚᶾᤊᨆఊ ҫ؞லጢⵊᓲᤪ ⤞⺖ӪѮ↋ ᷞ՚ᶾᤊ⹊ẗఊႺᅪ⹊ẗⵖ. - ҫ؞லጢⵊᓲᤪ⤞⺖ӪѮ↋ᷞ՚ ᶾᤊ⹊ẗఊႺં2010ल1 Ểᕮ⤞2012ल5Ểغ↮ጢⵊᓲᤪ⤞⦣ⵗᢚီӮᆚ૮Ἢ၊ᤎ ఆ ᶢ, ᢚီӮᆚᅪᐉᵆҫⷆὢὶંҫ؞லᏪὲ. ὢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚૮ ᫊( )ὦᴶᢞ, ՚ᆚ, ⫺⃪, ⃪ᷚᢚီӮᆚ૮Ⴚᅪ⹊ẗⵖ. ᢚ ီӮᆚϮ՚ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆϮ՚லᆼӎ, ᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᵿⵊᤊ ᘲ᪒ᅪᐉં↿ὢཪં῾ᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᏽᢚီӮᆚ؞ӮӪ ጪᆚ`תὢẂⵊ↿ὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⃪Ϯ⹃ὦఆ↮ᴸં૮ᅪ Ṧⵆӎ՚ᆚ78Ϯ՚, ᴶᢞ101Ϯ՚, ⫺⃪77Ϯ՚, ⃪ᷚ18Ϯ՚ᅪἪ၊תἲᢢ⮢ᓲ. ⳓ ᩑǍ ᖅĥ ᇥᕾ༉⩶ תἮᢚီӮᆚת, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᶳጢתἪ၊՚ᕲⵖ. ὢᅪ՚ᕲ ⵆંὢἎંᢚီӮᆚᶳጢḮἻ·ቢ·ேᶳጢϮⷲᾚ᫊᪒⥊ᶾᤊᕲᆚఆᶢ ὶӎ, ᨆⵆંӡỲ♆லᅢ؞ഺጦὲ. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ 2012 ᢚᓣ ↮⦣ⵗᶳጢᴶࢢ ᶾⵆቢ, Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ᫊·՞⦣ⵗ⁞ᢚ⫮, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ ẾᢚီӮᆚૢ૧ᕮᤊϮᨆⵎᶳጢᅪ ᆚఆᶢὶἺ. ᢚီӮᆚ: ᫊⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếᶾᤊᨆⵖ. ᆺ, ҫ؞லંጢⵊ ᓲᤪ⤞ᅪ⦣ⵢպᷛỲ၊ᢚီӮᆚᶳጢᅪᨆⵆӎὶἺ. ⓶؞ૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ: Ἳ·ቢ·ேᶳጢᶾᤊᨆⵖ. ⵊல᫊↮ᷛ, லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἲ՚ᕲⵖ. - ல᫊↮ᷛἮ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃ἲⷆⵢᓪᨆὶં↮ᷛὲ. ὢᶾல᫊↮ᷛ ἮⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ϲת␖ὢᅪᢢ⮢ᓲ. - ᐆቢ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞᫊ᒂ▂↲↮ᷛὢ؞ᶾἻ· ቢ·ேἮⷲᾚצ૮၊Ἆ↮ⵆંᐗ᫋ὲ. ഺጦᶾॻ⓺↮ᷛתἮ ᫊·՞ᶾᤊẢᷯⵆં⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮ẾӪתᶾ↿ⵢᤊᕲᤋⵖ. - லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮ᫊ࢢல᫊↮ᷛἮ⦣ⵗ⸃Ӫў῾⸃ἲⷆⵢᓪᨆὶ↮ ᆺ᫊Ṧӫॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ`ⵗⵊ⪧⇃ὢ ὶἺ. ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚ᶾᤊં᫊ࢢᅪἪ၊ંў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ḮἻ· ቢ·ேϲת␖ὢᅪᢢ⮢ᓲ. צ࿚ࢆ᫊Ṧӫᕮᕲў῾⸃ҫẞ ᫊( )Ḯתᶾ↿ⵢᕲᤋⵖ. - ὢᶾᓦᷞ՚૮ὦ4Њ᫊·՞ኖ⸃ἮἺӪЇἺ. ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ: ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃ኖ⸃ ⫺⃪: ⦣ⵗ⸃, ў῾⸃+ պᷛᤪ⤞(ᕮᕲў῾⸃) ⃪ᷚ: պᷛᤪ⤞ኖ⸃
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ኖ⸃ - ኖ⸃1 : ҫ؞லંὢᏦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢῲᶾጢⵊᓲᤪ⤞ऒ⪦Ẻ ⡚⫮3)ἲẢᷯⵆӎὶἺ. ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮պᷛἮᢚ૧⽶⡞⹗ ὲ. ᆺ, ὢᏦҫ؞லࢢᶾᤊպᷛЊाἪ၊⹊ẗఆᶢḖỲὢ؞ഺጦ ᶾⵢ૧ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮պᷛ՚ᕲἲ⹊ẗⵢתἲᢢ⮢ᓲ. - ኖ⸃2 : 3ЊἻ·ቢ·ேἪ၊Q-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ↯ᤎўᆚϮϮᾓ⇕Ἦ╊ўᆚἪ၊ ኖ⸃ ᫊ⵖ. օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ᮡ Ğʑࠥ ₉ᬱᨱᕽ ᭥ʑaᱶ ᔍಡšญෝ ᭥⧕ ᖅ⊹⦽ ྕ⦽࠭ᅥᖝ░᮹ ǭᩎ ᔍಡšญ᳑ᱶʑǍ ᯥ ⧕ݚ ǭᩎ ԕᨱᕽ Ḳᵲ ၰ ʕɪ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱᨱ ݡ⦽ Ḳᵲᔍ౩šญෝ ᭥⧕ šಉ ᕽእᜅ ᱽŖʑšᮥ ᩑĥ⦹Ł ݡᔢᯱෝ ᳑ᱶ⦹۵ ᩎ⧁ ᙹ⧪⧉ ၝe᭥┢ࡹᨕ ᬕᩢࡹŁ ᯩᮭ ʑᅙ⩶ŝ ⪶ᰆ⩶ᮝಽ ǍᇥࡹŁ ʑᅙ⩶ᮡḡᩎᔍ⫭ԕᨱᕽᔍಡšญ᳑ᱶᩎ⧁ᙹ⧪ᯕa܆⦽ʑšᮥᖁᱶ⦹Ł᳑ᱶᯱ ᯙᮥ ḡᬱ⧉ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ंজէր ᯝၹ⩥⫊ ֨ԴҼ֟ėśۙ (1) ՚ᆚ᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ1>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆⷲ⹗ὲ. `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ՚ᆚ᫊ં┋8ЊேἪ၊՚ఆᶢὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἢ၊2Њᤒ♆ ᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ϶ᇒே, ே՚ே, ὦே, Ծጦ1ே ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: Ծጦ2ே, ᨆ⣋ேὪ૮ - ՚ᆚ᫊⒛ἮԾጦ1ேᶾᤒ♆ఆᶢὶἺ. ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ἺӪЇἺ. - ↮ᷛᒲ၊ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ(ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013), ᨆ⣋ேὪ ૮, Ծጦ2ேᶾ΅ೋ☣ὢᏮ↿ఆᶢὶἺἲᴺᨆὶἺ. - ᐆቢ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆંே՚ேӪԾጦ2ேᶾᏮ↿ఆᶢὶં⪧⇃ ὢὶἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ኖ⸃ - ኖ⸃1 : ҫ؞லંὢᏦ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢῲᶾጢⵊᓲᤪ⤞ऒ⪦Ẻ ⡚⫮3)ἲẢᷯⵆӎὶἺ. ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮պᷛἮᢚ૧⽶⡞⹗ ὲ. ᆺ, ὢᏦҫ؞லࢢᶾᤊպᷛЊाἪ၊⹊ẗఆᶢḖỲὢ؞ഺጦ ᶾⵢ૧ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮պᷛ՚ᕲἲ⹊ẗⵢתἲᢢ⮢ᓲ. - ኖ⸃2 : 3ЊἻ·ቢ·ேἪ၊Q-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵢᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ϲ↯ᤎўᆚϮϮᾓ⇕Ἦ╊ўᆚἪ၊ ኖ⸃ ᫊ⵖ. օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ᮡ Ğʑࠥ ₉ᬱᨱᕽ ᭥ʑaᱶ ᔍಡšญෝ ᭥⧕ ᖅ⊹⦽ ྕ⦽࠭ᅥᖝ░᮹ ǭᩎ ᔍಡšญ᳑ᱶʑǍ ᯥ ⧕ݚ ǭᩎ ԕᨱᕽ Ḳᵲ ၰ ʕɪ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱᨱ ݡ⦽ Ḳᵲᔍ౩šญෝ ᭥⧕ šಉ ᕽእᜅ ᱽŖʑšᮥ ᩑĥ⦹Ł ݡᔢᯱෝ ᳑ᱶ⦹۵ ᩎ⧁ ᙹ⧪⧉ ၝe᭥┢ࡹᨕ ᬕᩢࡹŁ ᯩᮭ ʑᅙ⩶ŝ ⪶ᰆ⩶ᮝಽ ǍᇥࡹŁ ʑᅙ⩶ᮡḡᩎᔍ⫭ԕᨱᕽᔍಡšญ᳑ᱶᩎ⧁ᙹ⧪ᯕa܆⦽ʑšᮥᖁᱶ⦹Ł᳑ᱶᯱ ᯙᮥ ḡᬱ⧉ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ंজէր ᯝၹ⩥⫊ ֨ԴҼ֟ėśۙ (1) ՚ᆚ᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ1>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆⷲ⹗ὲ. `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ՚ᆚ᫊ં┋8ЊேἪ၊՚ఆᶢὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἢ၊2Њᤒ♆ ᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ϶ᇒே, ே՚ே, ὦே, Ծጦ1ே ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: Ծጦ2ே, ᨆ⣋ேὪ૮ - ՚ᆚ᫊⒛ἮԾጦ1ேᶾᤒ♆ఆᶢὶἺ. ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ἺӪЇἺ. - ↮ᷛᒲ၊ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ(ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚, 2013), ᨆ⣋ேὪ ૮, Ծጦ2ேᶾ΅ೋ☣ὢᏮ↿ఆᶢὶἺἲᴺᨆὶἺ. - ᐆቢ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆંே՚ேӪԾጦ2ேᶾᏮ↿ఆᶢὶં⪧⇃ ὢὶἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᵝၝᖝ░႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⴚ: ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽ Ǎญℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ (2) ᴶᢞ᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ2>ંᴶ ᢞ᫊᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆⷲ⹗ὲ. `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ᴶᢞ᫊ંẾ՚, ။՚2Њ՚Ḯ┋25ЊேἪ၊ ՚ఊ૮ல᫊ཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ┋4Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ᤒ♆ ᴶᢞᓦḒऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᓦḒே, ᢚே, ᐆỂே ᴶᢞᕮӏऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᕮӏே, ᴶᢞே, ⯚ே, Ểே, Ὢே, ὢே ᴶᢞ⓶↮ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⓶↮ே, ӎᾂே, ૮ᕮே, Ếӏே, ⸦ᨆே ᴶᢞᤎᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: Ḯே, ᤎᕮேὪ૮. ᴲ྆<ⱊ2>ᶾ ᫊ఊצᆪ ᶾⵆቢᤎᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἮᤎᕮேᏽḮேӪўᆚϮὶં, ᤎᕮேᶾᕲᅪᤒ♆ⵢऒ⪦Ẻ⡚ᶳጢᅪᨆⵆӎὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ἺӪЇἺ. - ΅ೋ☣ἮᓦḒ1ே, ᢚ1ே, Ḯே, Ểே, ᤎᕮ2ேᶾᆼἺ. - ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆંᓦḒ1ே, Ểே, Ḯே, ⓶↮ே, Ếӏᓦேᨊ Ἢ၊ᆼὢў⃪ⵖ. ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᵝၝᖝ░ ႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ Ⴚ: ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽ ᦩᔑℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᵝၝᖝ░႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⴚ: ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽ Ǎญℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ (2) ᴶᢞ᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ2>ંᴶ ᢞ᫊᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆⷲ⹗ὲ. `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ᴶᢞ᫊ંẾ՚, ။՚2Њ՚Ḯ┋25ЊேἪ၊ ՚ఊ૮ல᫊ཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ┋4Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ᤒ♆ ᴶᢞᓦḒऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᓦḒே, ᢚே, ᐆỂே ᴶᢞᕮӏऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᕮӏே, ᴶᢞே, ⯚ே, Ểே, Ὢே, ὢே ᴶᢞ⓶↮ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⓶↮ே, ӎᾂே, ૮ᕮே, Ếӏே, ⸦ᨆே ᴶᢞᤎᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: Ḯே, ᤎᕮேὪ૮. ᴲ྆<ⱊ2>ᶾ ᫊ఊצᆪ ᶾⵆቢᤎᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἮᤎᕮேᏽḮேӪўᆚϮὶં, ᤎᕮேᶾᕲᅪᤒ♆ⵢऒ⪦Ẻ⡚ᶳጢᅪᨆⵆӎὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ἺӪЇἺ. - ΅ೋ☣ἮᓦḒ1ே, ᢚ1ே, Ḯே, Ểே, ᤎᕮ2ேᶾᆼἺ. - ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆંᓦḒ1ே, Ểே, Ḯே, ⓶↮ே, Ếӏᓦேᨊ Ἢ၊ᆼὢў⃪ⵖ. ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᵝၝᖝ░ ႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ Ⴚ: ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽ ᦩᔑℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ (3) ⫺⃪᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ3>ં⫺⃪᫊᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆⷲ⹗ὲ. `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ⫺⃪᫊ંலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊἻ·ቢ·ேὢኖాὶં↮ ᷛὲ. ՚ᷛἮ17Њ၊՚ᕲఆ, ேἮ7Њ, Ἳὢ4Њ, ቢὢ6Њ၊՚ ఆᶢὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ┋3Њ4) ᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: `ቢ, ⫺⮷ቢ, ጦᢞἻ, ՞ࢢቢ, ⫺⃪Ἳ, ⢲ⷲቢ ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᒃẾἻ, ӿ⢲ቢ, ⁞ᆚἻ, ேቢ, ⓺1ே ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⓺2, 3ே, Ả ேὪ૮ ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ἺӪЇἺ. - ΅ೋ☣ἮጦᢞἻ, Ả 3ேᶾ⒊ታὢў⃪ⵆ, ἺἪ၊⓺1 ே, ᒃẾἻἪ၊ࢆ⢮. - ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆંጦᢞἻᶾἎὪⵆѺ⒊ ታὢў⃪ - ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆં5Њ↮ᷛἲ Ṧⵊ↮ᷛὢ⒊ታὢὲ. צ ᶾᤊጦᢞἻὢϮᾓᆼἪ, ἺἪ၊⁞ᆚἻ, Ả 3ேἪ၊ࢆ⢮. ֥ }ಽ ݅ qᗭ⧁ ᩩᱶᯥ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⴚ: ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽ ❭ᵝℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ (4) ⃪᫊ᷚ ᴲ྆<ⱊ4>ં⃪᫊᫊ᷚ⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆⷲ⹗ὲ. `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ⃪᫊ᷚં10Њ ՚ᷛἪ၊՚ᕲఖ. ⃪ᷚἻὢὶӎ, ࢆሦ↮ંቢ↮ᷛὲ. ᴲ྆תᕲᤋᶾᤊ↲ⵆҎ↮ᆺ, ⃪ᷚંॻ⓺↮ ᷛἪ၊ં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ኖ୦ᶾᤊॻ⓺⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ ⤞⹂ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ (3) ⫺⃪᫊ ᴲ྆<ⱊ3>ં⫺⃪᫊᫊⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆⷲ⹗ὲ. `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ⫺⃪᫊ંலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊἻ·ቢ·ேὢኖాὶં↮ ᷛὲ. ՚ᷛἮ17Њ၊՚ᕲఆ, ேἮ7Њ, Ἳὢ4Њ, ቢὢ6Њ၊՚ ఆᶢὶἺ. - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ┋3Њ4) ᕯᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: `ቢ, ⫺⮷ቢ, ጦᢞἻ, ՞ࢢቢ, ⫺⃪Ἳ, ⢲ⷲቢ ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᒃẾἻ, ӿ⢲ቢ, ⁞ᆚἻ, ேቢ, ⓺1ே ᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⓺2, 3ே, Ả ேὪ૮ ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ἺӪЇἺ. - ΅ೋ☣ἮጦᢞἻ, Ả 3ேᶾ⒊ታὢў⃪ⵆ, ἺἪ၊⓺1 ே, ᒃẾἻἪ၊ࢆ⢮. - ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆંጦᢞἻᶾἎὪⵆѺ⒊ ታὢў⃪ - ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆં5Њ↮ᷛἲ Ṧⵊ↮ᷛὢ⒊ታὢὲ. צ ᶾᤊጦᢞἻὢϮᾓᆼἪ, ἺἪ၊⁞ᆚἻ, Ả 3ேἪ၊ࢆ⢮. ֥ }ಽ ݅ qᗭ⧁ ᩩᱶᯥ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⴚ: ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽ ❭ᵝℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ (4) ⃪᫊ᷚ ᴲ྆<ⱊ4>ં⃪᫊᫊ᷚ⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮, Ἳ·ቢ·ே, Ἳ·ቢ·ேᒲ΅ ೋ☣, ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆ, ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆⷲ⹗ὲ. `Ἢ၊ᓢቢ, ⃪᫊ᷚં10Њ ՚ᷛἪ၊՚ᕲఖ. ⃪ᷚἻὢὶӎ, ࢆሦ↮ંቢ↮ᷛὲ. ᴲ྆תᕲᤋᶾᤊ↲ⵆҎ↮ᆺ, ⃪ᷚંॻ⓺↮ ᷛἪ၊ં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ኖ୦ᶾᤊॻ⓺⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ ⤞⹂ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ2Њ၊՚ᕲ. Ӯⵎ↮ᷛἮЃᕯӪЃἪ၊՚ᕲఆᶶ↮ᆺ, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2Њኖా⃪ᷚἻᶾᤒ♆ఆᶢὶἺ. Ѓᕯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᢞᕯቢ, ᢚቢ, ૮ᫎቢ, ᕯࢢቢ, Ѓ⒊ቢ Ѓऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⸻⒊ቢ, ઓᤊቢ, ⃪ᷚἻ, Ϯቢ, ῾ேቢἲӮⵎⵖ. ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ᴲ྆ḮЇἺ. - ΅ೋ☣Ἦ⃪ᷚἻ, Ϯቢ, ૮ᫎቢᶾᆼἺ. ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆંᷚ ⃪Ἳ, Ϯቢ, ૮ᫎቢᶾᆼὢў⃪ⵖ. ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⴚ: ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽ ᩍᵝℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ᔍಡᙹ ʑⅩᔾ⪽ᅕᰆᙹɪᩍᇡ ⠪Ɂӹᯕ ᖙ ⠪Ɂa᳒ᙹ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ Ǎญ ᦩᔑ ᩍᵝ ❭ᵝ ⧊ĥ ⢽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ ԐͻěνʂԜۙ ᓦᷞ՚૮ϮఆંᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ՚ં┋276Ϯ՚ὲ. - ՚ᆚ78Ϯ՚, ᴶᢞ101Ϯ՚, ⃪ᷚ18Ϯ՚, ⫺⃪79Ϯ՚ὲ. - ὢᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆϮ՚ં50.7%, ᘲᨆϮ՚ં49.3%၊ࢆ⢮ . ⃪ᷚં૮ᕮᕲᨆὦᐆቢ, ૮`Ἢ၊⫺⃪ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ՚ ંᘲᨆᘲὢঀἺ. - ᢚီӮᆚϮ՚⃪ᢚီӮᆚ૮⮷ࢆὢં44ᤦ၊ࢆ⢮. ⫺⃪ ં42.7ᤦ, ᴶᢞἮ45.3ᤦὲ. - ⮷Ϯ ᨆં2.6ታἪ၊ࢆ⢮. ⃪᫊ᷚϮ2.2ታ, ⫺⃪᫊Ϯ2.7ታἪ၊ࢆ ⢮.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ἦ2Њ၊՚ᕲ. Ӯⵎ↮ᷛἮЃᕯӪЃἪ၊՚ᕲఆᶶ↮ᆺ, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2Њኖా⃪ᷚἻᶾᤒ♆ఆᶢὶἺ. Ѓᕯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ᢞᕯቢ, ᢚቢ, ૮ᫎቢ, ᕯࢢቢ, Ѓ⒊ቢ Ѓऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮: ⸻⒊ቢ, ઓᤊቢ, ⃪ᷚἻ, Ϯቢ, ῾ேቢἲӮⵎⵖ. ᓣ↮૮ⷲ⹗ἲᢢ⮢ᓢቢ, ᴲ྆ḮЇἺ. - ΅ೋ☣Ἦ⃪ᷚἻ, Ϯቢ, ૮ᫎቢᶾᆼἺ. ؞⓶०ဧᷞᨆંᷚ ⃪Ἳ, Ϯቢ, ૮ᫎቢᶾᆼὢў⃪ⵖ. ℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺႑⊹ ᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⴚ: ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ⢽ ᩍᵝℎ օ✙ᬭⓍ❡ ᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺ၰᅖḡݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ᔍಡᙹ ʑⅩᔾ⪽ᅕᰆᙹɪᩍᇡ ⠪Ɂӹᯕ ᖙ ⠪Ɂa᳒ᙹ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ Ǎญ ᦩᔑ ᩍᵝ ❭ᵝ ⧊ĥ ⢽ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ ԐͻěνʂԜۙ ᓦᷞ՚૮ϮఆંᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ՚ં┋276Ϯ՚ὲ. - ՚ᆚ78Ϯ՚, ᴶᢞ101Ϯ՚, ⃪ᷚ18Ϯ՚, ⫺⃪79Ϯ՚ὲ. - ὢᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆϮ՚ં50.7%, ᘲᨆϮ՚ં49.3%၊ࢆ⢮ . ⃪ᷚં૮ᕮᕲᨆὦᐆቢ, ૮`Ἢ၊⫺⃪ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ՚ ંᘲᨆᘲὢঀἺ. - ᢚီӮᆚϮ՚⃪ᢚီӮᆚ૮⮷ࢆὢં44ᤦ၊ࢆ⢮. ⫺⃪ ં42.7ᤦ, ᴶᢞἮ45.3ᤦὲ. - ⮷Ϯ ᨆં2.6ታἪ၊ࢆ⢮. ⃪᫊ᷚϮ2.2ታ, ⫺⃪᫊Ϯ2.7ታἪ၊ࢆ ⢮.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᷴ<צᆪ1>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊ᢚီӮᆚ ૮ў⃪↮ᅪⱊⷲⵊѱὲ. ՚ ᆚં ᵌᤊ ᓣ↮૮ Ꮾ↿↮ᷛὦ ᨆ⣋ே Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ՚Ϯ Ꮾ↿ఆᶢὶἺ. <צᆪ2>ંᴶᢞἮῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮ ᆚ૮Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἪ, ⃪၊ ᴶᢞ᫊ᕮᅪἪ၊ᓦᷞ՚ ૮Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἺ. əฝ Ǎญ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ əฝ ᦩᔑ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ <צᆪ3>Ἦ⫺⃪ંἻ↮ᷛӪே↮ ᷛἪ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ ఆᶢὶἪ, <צᆪ4>⃪ᷚᷛ ⃪᫊ᷚἻἲἪ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮ Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἺ. ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺ ⃪, ⃪ᷚኖాᵌᤊᓣ↮૮ Ὢᐆ`ⷲ⹗ᶾᤊ ᫊ఆᶶೝὢ΅ ೋ☣ὢᏮ↿ఊ↮ᷛᶾў⃪ⵆં ᢚီӮᆚ૮ὲἲᴺᨆὶἺ. əฝ ᩍᵝ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ əฝ ❭ᵝ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᷴ<צᆪ1>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊ᢚီӮᆚ ૮ў⃪↮ᅪⱊⷲⵊѱὲ. ՚ ᆚં ᵌᤊ ᓣ↮૮ Ꮾ↿↮ᷛὦ ᨆ⣋ே Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ՚Ϯ Ꮾ↿ఆᶢὶἺ. <צᆪ2>ંᴶᢞἮῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮ ᆚ૮Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἪ, ⃪၊ ᴶᢞ᫊ᕮᅪἪ၊ᓦᷞ՚ ૮Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἺ. əฝ Ǎญ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ əฝ ᦩᔑ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ ⩥⫊ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ <צᆪ3>Ἦ⫺⃪ંἻ↮ᷛӪே↮ ᷛἪ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ ఆᶢὶἪ, <צᆪ4>⃪ᷚᷛ ⃪᫊ᷚἻἲἪ၊ᢚီӮᆚ૮ Ϯ՚Ϯᕲ⯚ఆᶢὶἺ. ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺ ⃪, ⃪ᷚኖాᵌᤊᓣ↮૮ Ὢᐆ`ⷲ⹗ᶾᤊ ᫊ఆᶶೝὢ΅ ೋ☣ὢᏮ↿ఊ↮ᷛᶾў⃪ⵆં ᢚီӮᆚ૮ὲἲᴺᨆὶἺ. əฝ ᩍᵝ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊ əฝ ❭ᵝ ᔍಡšญݡᔢᯱ⩥⫊
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽᵝၝ ᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽ Ǎญᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱෙᱲɝᖒᄡ⪵ ĵν֨ (1) ኖ⸃ ՚ᆚ᫊ંῲ⸃`ὦல᫊⪧⇃ἲϮ↮ӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲᾚጢⵊᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఊே՚ேӪᨆ⣋2ேᶾў῾ ⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંᐗὦὲ. - ኖ⸃2ંே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆᅪӎဒⵆᷚ┋3Њ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ኖ⸃ὲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ Ǎᇥⷛ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᪡᮹ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᪡᮹ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ Ǎญᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת - ᴲ྆<ⱊ7>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯת, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯתἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. - ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં1,366Ꮶ⤞၊ᅦ᫊·՞ ᶾᘲⵢϮᾓ⇕Ѻࢆ⢮. ᨆҫẞ 1,212Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ 1,575Ꮶ⤞ᓢ↯ᤎўᆚϮୂ⇕Ἲ. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં1,188Ꮶ⤞၊2Њऒ ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢὶἺᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ᫊1,366Ꮶ⤞ᓢ178Ꮶ⤞⇕Ἲ. ᨆ ં1,170Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં1,213Ꮶ⤞၊ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮תἮᘲᨆ ᓢᨆᶾѺᓢঀἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽᵝၝ ᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽ Ǎญᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱෙᱲɝᖒᄡ⪵ ĵν֨ (1) ኖ⸃ ՚ᆚ᫊ંῲ⸃`ὦல᫊⪧⇃ἲϮ↮ӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲᾚጢⵊᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఊே՚ேӪᨆ⣋2ேᶾў῾ ⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંᐗὦὲ. - ኖ⸃2ંே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆᅪӎဒⵆᷚ┋3Њ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ኖ⸃ὲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ Ǎᇥⷛ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᪡᮹ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᪡᮹ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ Ǎญᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת - ᴲ྆<ⱊ7>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯת, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯתἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. - ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં1,366Ꮶ⤞၊ᅦ᫊·՞ ᶾᘲⵢϮᾓ⇕Ѻࢆ⢮. ᨆҫẞ 1,212Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ 1,575Ꮶ⤞ᓢ↯ᤎўᆚϮୂ⇕Ἲ. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં1,188Ꮶ⤞၊2Њऒ ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢὶἺᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ᫊1,366Ꮶ⤞ᓢ178Ꮶ⤞⇕Ἲ. ᨆ ં1,170Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં1,213Ꮶ⤞၊ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮תἮᘲᨆ ᓢᨆᶾѺᓢঀἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ2Њ၊ᢚီӮᆚᨆ؞Ӯἲ⁞ ⵊѱὲ. · ⷲᾚऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫպᷛ՚ᕲἮேὪⵆ↮ᆺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ኖ⸃1 ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં821Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં706Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ὢંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ḯўᆚ1,188ᓢ300Ꮶ⤞ὢ▃ఊѱὲ. · ⷲᾚպᷛ՚ᕲἮேὪⵆୂཪலऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἮᏪϲỲ⢯ఆᶢᒲலᢚ ጢᶾᤊẢᷯఆӎὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ே ᶾצ૮၊ᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶὢ؞ഺጦᶾўᆚᶾᤊ␖ὢϮὶἺ. · ὢ␖ὢંᨆҫẞ▃ఆંўᆚϮ460Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃2ં3Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંҫẞὲ. · ὢഺ՚ᆚ᫊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં745Ꮶ⤞ὲ. ᨆં616 Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં921Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἲ؞⃮Ἢ၊ῲ⒢400Ꮶ⤞, ᨆҫẞ550Ꮶ ⤞▃ఊᨆ♆ὲ. (3) ⓶؞ૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊת ᴲ྆<ⱊ8>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚὲ. - ᵌᤊ ᫊ೝὢἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊંૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᶳጢᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ ἲૢ૧ⵆӎὶἺ. - ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚં590Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯᴶఆં⹗ὲ. ᫊Ḯўᆚῶᐆᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆં547Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં649Ꮶ⤞၊ ࢆ⢮ࢆᨆתὢ૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ⧎༊ⷛⷛ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ǍญᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ2Њ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. · ኖ⸃1ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚં821Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં706Ꮶ⤞ ၊ࢆ⢮. ὢંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேўᆚ590Ꮶ⤞ᓢ230Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఆᶢ תὢ࢜ᴲ›ӎⵎᨆὶἺ. · ὢ␖ὢંᨆҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ḮўᆚϮ706Ꮶ⤞၊ ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ547Ꮶ⤞ᓢ159Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఊᨆ♆ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં3Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંҫẞὲ. · ՚ᆚ᫊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤦ⤞Ḯўᆚં745Ꮶ⤞ὲ. ᨆં616Ꮶ ⤞, ᘲᨆં921Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊155Ꮶ⤞ ↋૮ⵊѱὲ. ᨆҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ӎᘲᨆં273Ꮶ⤞↋ ૮Ἲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ2Њ၊ᢚီӮᆚᨆ؞Ӯἲ⁞ ⵊѱὲ. · ⷲᾚऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫպᷛ՚ᕲἮேὪⵆ↮ᆺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ኖ⸃1 ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં821Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં706Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ὢંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ḯўᆚ1,188ᓢ300Ꮶ⤞ὢ▃ఊѱὲ. · ⷲᾚպᷛ՚ᕲἮேὪⵆୂཪலऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἮᏪϲỲ⢯ఆᶢᒲலᢚ ጢᶾᤊẢᷯఆӎὶἺ. ᐆቢ, ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ே ᶾצ૮၊ᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶὢ؞ഺጦᶾўᆚᶾᤊ␖ὢϮὶἺ. · ὢ␖ὢંᨆҫẞ▃ఆંўᆚϮ460Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃2ં3Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંҫẞὲ. · ὢഺ՚ᆚ᫊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં745Ꮶ⤞ὲ. ᨆં616 Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં921Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἲ؞⃮Ἢ၊ῲ⒢400Ꮶ⤞, ᨆҫẞ550Ꮶ ⤞▃ఊᨆ♆ὲ. (3) ⓶؞ૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊת ᴲ྆<ⱊ8>Ἦ՚ᆚ᫊؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚὲ. - ᵌᤊ ᫊ೝὢἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊંૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᶳጢᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ ἲૢ૧ⵆӎὶἺ. - ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚં590Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯᴶఆં⹗ὲ. ᫊Ḯўᆚῶᐆᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆં547Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં649Ꮶ⤞၊ ࢆ⢮ࢆᨆתὢ૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ⧎༊ⷛⷛ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ǍญᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ2Њ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. · ኖ⸃1ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚં821Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં706Ꮶ⤞ ၊ࢆ⢮. ὢંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேўᆚ590Ꮶ⤞ᓢ230Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఆᶢ תὢ࢜ᴲ›ӎⵎᨆὶἺ. · ὢ␖ὢંᨆҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ḮўᆚϮ706Ꮶ⤞၊ ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ547Ꮶ⤞ᓢ159Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఊᨆ♆ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં3Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંҫẞὲ. · ՚ᆚ᫊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤦ⤞Ḯўᆚં745Ꮶ⤞ὲ. ᨆં616Ꮶ ⤞, ᘲᨆં921Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊155Ꮶ⤞ ↋૮ⵊѱὲ. ᨆҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ӎᘲᨆં273Ꮶ⤞↋ ૮Ἲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⷲᾚ8Њ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊᨆⵆᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ ᶾᤊᨆⵊં῾ᶾᤊתὢ࢜ᴲ↮ંѱἮ૧ᷞⵊὪὲ. - צ࿚ࢆኖ⸃2ҫẞᘲ။↯ᤎўᆚὢآⵆ↮ᆺ, ᨆҫẞў῾ ⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ḮўᆚϮ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఆંᨆ⃮ᶾצⒾתὢ⡚ Ѻ࢜ᴲ↲ӎᓢآᶢဒẮ. ጢᶵᓢ՚ᆚ᫊ኖ⸃2ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚંᴲ྆ᶾᤊ ᫊ⵎⷲᾚᴶᢞ᫊Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ ḮἎᢚⵖ. ഺጦᶾ՚ᆚ᫊ҫẞў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ·ேἲᤒ♆ⵆୂཪல⡚ Ѻתὢ࢜ᴲ↲ӎ⮷ϮⵆآᶢဒẮ. ؋ԓ֨ (1) ኖ⸃ ૮ல᫊၊ў῾⸃ᏽ⦣ⵗ⸃ἲ▂↲ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ૮ல᫊၊ᤊ՚ᆚᶾᘲⵢ↯ᤎўᆚϮآ⪧⇃ὢὶἺ. - ኖ⸃1ἮⷲᾚḮЇὢ4ЊպᷛἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં┋7Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. ᢚီӮᆚ૮ ὢὢேⵆંϮᾓ╊ўᆚᅪҲᢞⵆᷚў῾ᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆં ᐗᴶὲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ ࡽᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽ ᦩᔑᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶ (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת ᴲ྆<ⱊ10>Ἦᴶᢞ᫊ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯת, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶ ᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯתἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ᴶᢞ᫊ҫẞᤚ↮ᷛὦ૮ᕮேὢ⯚ⵖఆᶢὶᶢ᫊ࢆऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ ↯ᤎўᆚϮ૮`Ἢ၊ئѺࢆ⢮ࢎᨆὶἺ. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં3,264Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ᨆ ҫẞ3,147Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ3,373Ꮶ⤞ᓢ↯ᤎўᆚϮୂ⇕Ἲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⷲᾚ8Њ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊᨆⵆᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ ᶾᤊᨆⵊં῾ᶾᤊתὢ࢜ᴲ↮ંѱἮ૧ᷞⵊὪὲ. - צ࿚ࢆኖ⸃2ҫẞᘲ။↯ᤎўᆚὢآⵆ↮ᆺ, ᨆҫẞў῾ ⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ḮўᆚϮ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఆંᨆ⃮ᶾצⒾתὢ⡚ Ѻ࢜ᴲ↲ӎᓢآᶢဒẮ. ጢᶵᓢ՚ᆚ᫊ኖ⸃2ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚંᴲ྆ᶾᤊ ᫊ⵎⷲᾚᴶᢞ᫊Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ ḮἎᢚⵖ. ഺጦᶾ՚ᆚ᫊ҫẞў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ·ேἲᤒ♆ⵆୂཪல⡚ Ѻתὢ࢜ᴲ↲ӎ⮷ϮⵆآᶢဒẮ. ؋ԓ֨ (1) ኖ⸃ ૮ல᫊၊ў῾⸃ᏽ⦣ⵗ⸃ἲ▂↲ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ૮ல᫊၊ᤊ՚ᆚᶾᘲⵢ↯ᤎўᆚϮآ⪧⇃ὢὶἺ. - ኖ⸃1ἮⷲᾚḮЇὢ4ЊպᷛἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં┋7Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. ᢚီӮᆚ૮ ὢὢேⵆંϮᾓ╊ўᆚᅪҲᢞⵆᷚў῾ᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆં ᐗᴶὲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ ࡽᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽ ᦩᔑᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶ (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת ᴲ྆<ⱊ10>Ἦᴶᢞ᫊ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯת, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶ ᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯתἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ᴶᢞ᫊ҫẞᤚ↮ᷛὦ૮ᕮேὢ⯚ⵖఆᶢὶᶢ᫊ࢆऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ ↯ᤎўᆚϮ૮`Ἢ၊ئѺࢆ⢮ࢎᨆὶἺ. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં3,264Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ᨆ ҫẞ3,147Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ3,373Ꮶ⤞ᓢ↯ᤎўᆚϮୂ⇕Ἲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં2,453Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. 4 Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఆᶢ᫊Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᓢ811Ꮶ⤞⇕Ἲ. ᨆ ં2,304Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં2,593Ꮶ⤞၊ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮תἮᘲᨆ ᓢᨆᶾѺᓢঀἺ. ՚ᆚ᫊ḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ᴶᢞ᫊Ϯ૮ல ᫊ཪં῾ᶾᤊ᫊, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ↯ᤎўᆚં2ᐞ, ᆼѺં3ᐞ லئ Ѻࢆ⢮. ⷛ⧎༊ ᦩᔑ ⩥ᰍ ᔍಡšญ ᕽእᜅ᪡ ᮹ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญ ᕽእᜅ᪡ ᮹ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ᦩᔑᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ4Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં 1,575Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં 1,424Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં1,717Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2,453Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ878Ꮶ⤞▃ఊᨆ♆ཪⵎᨆ ὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉ ᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ᦩᔑᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS - ኖ⸃2ં7Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં1,054Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં952 Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ϯఆ↮ᴸἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2,453Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞ὢ▃ఊᨆ ♆ཪⵎᨆὶἺ. (3) ⓶؞ૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊת ᴲ྆<ⱊ11>Ἦᴶ ᢞ᫊؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚὲ. ⷲἻ·ቢ·ேӪת - ே⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚં734Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯᴶ ఆં⹗ὲ. ᫊ Ḯўᆚ1/3 ᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆં607Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં853Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ ࢆᨆתὢ૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં2,453Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. 4 Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఆᶢ᫊Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᓢ811Ꮶ⤞⇕Ἲ. ᨆ ં2,304Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં2,593Ꮶ⤞၊ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮תἮᘲᨆ ᓢᨆᶾѺᓢঀἺ. ՚ᆚ᫊ḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ᴶᢞ᫊Ϯ૮ல ᫊ཪં῾ᶾᤊ᫊, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫ↯ᤎўᆚં2ᐞ, ᆼѺં3ᐞ லئ Ѻࢆ⢮. ⷛ⧎༊ ᦩᔑ ⩥ᰍ ᔍಡšญ ᕽእᜅ᪡ ᮹ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญ ᕽእᜅ᪡ ᮹ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ᦩᔑᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ4Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં 1,575Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં 1,424Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં1,717Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2,453Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ878Ꮶ⤞▃ఊᨆ♆ཪⵎᨆ ὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉ ᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ᦩᔑᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS - ኖ⸃2ં7Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં1,054Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં952 Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ϯఆ↮ᴸἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮2,453Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞ὢ▃ఊᨆ ♆ཪⵎᨆὶἺ. (3) ⓶؞ૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊת ᴲ྆<ⱊ11>Ἦᴶ ᢞ᫊؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚὲ. ⷲἻ·ቢ·ேӪת - ே⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚં734Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯᴶ ఆં⹗ὲ. ᫊ Ḯўᆚ1/3 ᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆં607Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં853Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ ࢆᨆתὢ૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ4Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚં1,575Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં 1,424Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં1,717Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ734Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ841Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఊѱ Ἢ၊תὢాᐞ ல࢜ᴲ↮ંᐗ᫋ὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞӪЇ Ἦ૮ல᫊ҫẞ૮`Ἢ၊ቢ`ὢँં῾ᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ᅪୂᤒ♆ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. - ኖ⸃2ં7Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚં1,054Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં 952Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ϯఆ↮ᴸἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ734Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ320Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ ҫẞ296Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊѱὲ. ᴶᢞ᫊ҫẞⷲᾚ25Њே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ7Њ၊ў῾⹂ⵊં῾ἲϾ ᴶⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ૮ᕮேᶾⷲᾚ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪἎ↮ⵊӎⵎഺ, ே ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ં8Њὲ. - ՚ᆚ᫊ḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎ ўᆚં2ᐞ லઆᶢࢆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮. ↯ᤎўᆚ320Ꮶ⤞↋૮ં ல၊Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ᐞὢ↋૮ఆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢎᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞ᫊ ҫẞ૮ᕮேᶾᒲல၊ᤒ♆ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞૮ᫎў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ 1Њୂᤒ♆ⵎҫẞᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚ ંୂϮغẺ↶ᷚ↮ંὶἺ. צᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ૮ல᫊ᶾᤊў῾⹂ ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵎҫẞᶾંў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Њᨆᅪୂӎ ဒⵎⴲẂϮὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽ ❭ᵝᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶ ࣷܳ֨ (1) ኖ⸃ லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ⸪ᾚ ⵊኖ⸃ὲ. - ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊંᓣ↮ḮӮဖఊૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᫎ⒛ἲᨆ . ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᶾᤊંᢚီӮᆚᶳጢᅪᨆⵆંӡὲ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲᾚ3Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ỳ♆ᅪӎဒⵆᷚ1Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞, 2Њ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ંᢚီӮᆚ૮תἲἪ၊ⵆᷚ2Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ2Њ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ4Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮ў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚં1,575Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં 1,424Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં1,717Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ734Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ841Ꮶ⤞↋૮ఊѱ Ἢ၊תὢాᐞ ல࢜ᴲ↮ંᐗ᫋ὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞӪЇ Ἦ૮ல᫊ҫẞ૮`Ἢ၊ቢ`ὢँં῾ᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ ⤞ᅪୂᤒ♆ⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. - ኖ⸃2ં7Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪẢᷯⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚં1,054Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં 952Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ϯఆ↮ᴸἺ. · ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ734Ꮶ⤞ᶾᘲⵢ320Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆ ҫẞ296Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊѱὲ. ᴶᢞ᫊ҫẞⷲᾚ25Њே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ7Њ၊ў῾⹂ⵊં῾ἲϾ ᴶⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ૮ᕮேᶾⷲᾚ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪἎ↮ⵊӎⵎഺ, ே ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ં8Њὲ. - ՚ᆚ᫊ḮᘲԾⵢᓪഺ, ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎ ўᆚં2ᐞ லઆᶢࢆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮. ↯ᤎўᆚ320Ꮶ⤞↋૮ં ல၊Ἢ၊ᓪഺ, ᐞὢ↋૮ఆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢎᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞ᫊ ҫẞ૮ᕮேᶾᒲல၊ᤒ♆ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞૮ᫎў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ 1Њୂᤒ♆ⵎҫẞᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯўᆚ ંୂϮغẺ↶ᷚ↮ંὶἺ. צᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ૮ல᫊ᶾᤊў῾⹂ ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵎҫẞᶾંў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Њᨆᅪୂӎ ဒⵎⴲẂϮὶἺ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽ ❭ᵝᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶ ࣷܳ֨ (1) ኖ⸃ லॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ⸪ᾚ ⵊኖ⸃ὲ. - ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊંᓣ↮ḮӮဖఊૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᫎ⒛ἲᨆ . ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᶾᤊંᢚီӮᆚᶳጢᅪᨆⵆંӡὲ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲᾚ3Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ỳ♆ᅪӎဒⵆᷚ1Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞, 2Њ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃2ંᢚီӮᆚ૮תἲἪ၊ⵆᷚ2Њў῾⹂ఊ⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ2Њ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⷛ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᜅ▽ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ❭ᵝᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת ᴲ྆<ⱊ13>Ἦ⫺⃪᫊ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯת, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶ ᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯתἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ⫺⃪᫊ંலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊᵌᤊல᫊↮ᷛὦ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞᶾᘲⵢῲᐆ `ὦתὢ࢜Ѻࢆ⢮. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં6,916Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ᨆ ҫẞ8,176Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ6,144Ꮶ⤞ᓢ↯ᤎўᆚϮୂئѺࢆ ⢮. ὢંᵌᤊᢚီӮᆚ૮Ὢᐆⷲ⹗ᶾᤊலᴺᨆὶೝὢ૮` Ἢ၊⫺⃪᫊ᢚီӮᆚ૮ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᘲᨆ૮ᘲ ὢঀᵆӎ, ᷞဧὢ࢜Ἦ⪧⇃ὢὶᶶἺ. ў⃪↮ᅪᢢ⮢ᓢୂཪல ᢚီӮᆚ૮ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᘲᨆ☣Ἦ⓺ேல᫊↮ᷛ ᶾ⃪၊ў⃪ⵆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં7,601Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. 3 Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఆᶢὶᶢ↯ᤎўᆚϮ⇕ᴲ…ᵪⵆ↮ᆺ, Ḓ⽶ဒ આᶢ. ὢં⓺1ேഺጦὲ. ᫊⒛ὢ⓺ேᶾỲ♆ⵢὶ؞ഺጦᶾ ⓺ேў⃪ἮᢚီӮᆚ૮ὢ᫊ᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᐉ؞ ẗὢⵖ. צ࿚ࢆպᷛ՚ᕲ⓺1ேἮᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢ؞ഺጦ ᶾ᫊⒛ᓢऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ўᆚϮئᶢ›Ἲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ⫺⃪᫊⒛, 2Њ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶ ὲ. ῲ⒢ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં3,236Ꮶ⤞ὢᨆં2,490Ꮶ⤞ ၊ࢆ⢮. ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫўᆚ7,601Ꮶ⤞ᓢ4⢚၊ லϾⵖ. - ኖ⸃2ᶾᤊல⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ં2Њᤒ♆ⵆંᐗ᫋Ἢ၊ᤊኖ ⸃1ӪўᆚંேὪⵖ. (3) ⓶؞ૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊת ᴲ྆<ⱊ14>ં⫺⃪᫊؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚὲ. - ᵌᤊ ᫊ೝὢἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊંૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᶳጢᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ ἲૢ૧ⵆӎὶἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⷛ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᜅ▽ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ⩥ᰍℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ❭ᵝᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת ᴲ྆<ⱊ13>Ἦ⫺⃪᫊ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯת, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶ ᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯתἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ⫺⃪᫊ંலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊᵌᤊல᫊↮ᷛὦ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞᶾᘲⵢῲᐆ `ὦתὢ࢜Ѻࢆ⢮. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯ᫊⒛غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં6,916Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ᨆ ҫẞ8,176Ꮶ⤞၊ᘲᨆ6,144Ꮶ⤞ᓢ↯ᤎўᆚϮୂئѺࢆ ⢮. ὢંᵌᤊᢚီӮᆚ૮Ὢᐆⷲ⹗ᶾᤊலᴺᨆὶೝὢ૮` Ἢ၊⫺⃪᫊ᢚီӮᆚ૮ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᘲᨆ૮ᘲ ὢঀᵆӎ, ᷞဧὢ࢜Ἦ⪧⇃ὢὶᶶἺ. ў⃪↮ᅪᢢ⮢ᓢୂཪல ᢚီӮᆚ૮ᶾᤊ؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᘲᨆ☣Ἦ⓺ேல᫊↮ᷛ ᶾ⃪၊ў⃪ⵆંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮. - ᢚီӮᆚ૮Ḯऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮غ↮↯ᤎўᆚં7,601Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. 3 Њऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢᤒ♆ఆᶢὶᶢ↯ᤎўᆚϮ⇕ᴲ…ᵪⵆ↮ᆺ, Ḓ⽶ဒ આᶢ. ὢં⓺1ேഺጦὲ. ᫊⒛ὢ⓺ேᶾỲ♆ⵢὶ؞ഺጦᶾ ⓺ேў⃪ἮᢚီӮᆚ૮ὢ᫊ᶾᤊᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᐉ؞ ẗὢⵖ. צ࿚ࢆպᷛ՚ᕲ⓺1ேἮᕮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ὢ؞ഺጦ ᶾ᫊⒛ᓢऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ўᆚϮئᶢ›Ἲ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ת - ኖ⸃1Ἦ⫺⃪᫊⒛, 2Њ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶ ὲ. ῲ⒢ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯўᆚં3,236Ꮶ⤞ὢᨆં2,490Ꮶ⤞ ၊ࢆ⢮. ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫўᆚ7,601Ꮶ⤞ᓢ4⢚၊ லϾⵖ. - ኖ⸃2ᶾᤊல⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ં2Њᤒ♆ⵆંᐗ᫋Ἢ၊ᤊኖ ⸃1ӪўᆚંேὪⵖ. (3) ⓶؞ૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᫎ⒛ᶾ૮ⵊת ᴲ྆<ⱊ14>ં⫺⃪᫊؞⓶ᣋ⹊ᓢᾓᨆⷲ⹗ᒲᢚီӮᆚ૮ḮἻ· ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚὲ. - ᵌᤊ ᫊ೝὢἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊંૢ, ϯᓣ↮ᶳጢᫎ⒛, ᢚ⺲Ӯᆚ ἲૢ૧ⵆӎὶἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ❭ᵝᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪת - ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚં Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯआં⹗ὲ. ᫊Ḯўᆚ1/4 ᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆં Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં Ꮶ ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ᵌᤊ᫊⒛ὢࢆऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫંᆚᨆתὢ ૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ. ⫺⃪᫊ - ⫺⃪᫊ંኖ⸃1ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ1Њᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. צṦॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἢ၊ⷲᾚḮЇἮἻ·ቢ·ேἲצ૮၊Ἆ ↮ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ⷲᾚ⫺⃪᫊ં┋17ЊἻ·ቢ·ேἪ၊՚ఖ. ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ὢ⺲┋14 ЊἻ·ቢ·ே, ў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ(⓺1ே, 2ே, 3ே)၊՚ఖ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ · ὢഺ↯ᤎўᆚં1,616Ꮶ⤞ὢᨆં1,396Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ὢᨆ♆ ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚં1,718ᓢḒ⽶ဒᶢᶶἺ. ὢં ў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ת⒆ᶾᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ⃪၊ў⃪ⵆӎὶ؞ഺ ጦὲ. ⅷ૮ᶾഞཪᤊંў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ὢ⺲↯ᤎўᆚϮ આᶢࢆ↮ᆺ, ૮ῲ⒢`ὦ⮷ἲᓪഺᶾંே՚ᕲᓢં૮ ϮᏮ↿ఊ↮ᷛᶾў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆᫊↯ᤎўᆚϮϾⵎϮ ઓἲᓢ⃪ᷚӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃2ંў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ2Њᤒ♆ⵆӎצṦἻ·ቢ·ேἮצ ૮၊Ἆ↮ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ⷲᾚ17ЊἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ὢ⺲⓺1~3ேᶾў῾⹂ ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ, Ծ⹂ே, Ả 1~3ேᶾў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њᅪ ᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ὢഺ↯ᤎўᆚં1,672Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં1,435Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં1,818Ꮶ ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚᓢḒ⽶ဒୂϾ ⵖ. ὢંᵌᤊᶦೝὢᢚီӮᆚ૮Ꮾ↿↮ᷛᶾў῾ᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ ♆ⵆᷮ؞ഺጦὲ. ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆Њᨆࢆ ᒂỲϮ ⵊఎᨆὶἺ. - ⫺⃪ҫẞᶾலᤒ♆ⵆୂཪல2Њ லў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᆺἲᤒ ♆ⵎᨆὶἺ. ⪧⽶, ⫺⃪᫊ҫẞⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚᓢḒ ⽶ဒў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ὢ⺲ўᆚϮϾⵆӎὶં῾ᶾᤊ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᏮ↿↮ᷛἲἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆⃪᫊ Ꮺתⵆཫὢ⡚Ѻࢆ⢮ࢆ↮ᴸἲᨆὶં῾ἲᓢ⃪ᷚӎὶ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ⷛ ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ŝ᮹Ñญ ⷛ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ ᯕ⬥ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⧊ĥ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ❭ᵝᮮⰑ໕Ⱁ࠺šಉᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS ⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪת - ே⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚં Ꮶ⤞၊1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯआં⹗ὲ. ᫊Ḯўᆚ1/4 ᨆ⃮ὲ. ᨆં Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં Ꮶ ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ᵌᤊ᫊⒛ὢࢆऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫંᆚᨆתὢ ૮`Ἢ၊⁹Ἲ. ⫺⃪᫊ - ⫺⃪᫊ંኖ⸃1ҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ1Њᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. צṦॻ⓺↮ᷛἮ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃Ἢ၊ⷲᾚḮЇἮἻ·ቢ·ேἲצ૮၊Ἆ ↮ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ⷲᾚ⫺⃪᫊ં┋17ЊἻ·ቢ·ேἪ၊՚ఖ. ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ὢ⺲┋14 ЊἻ·ቢ·ே, ў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ(⓺1ே, 2ே, 3ே)၊՚ఖ. Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ · ὢഺ↯ᤎўᆚં1,616Ꮶ⤞ὢᨆં1,396Ꮶ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ὢᨆ♆ ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚં1,718ᓢḒ⽶ဒᶢᶶἺ. ὢં ў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ת⒆ᶾᢚီӮᆚ૮Ϯ⃪၊ў⃪ⵆӎὶ؞ഺ ጦὲ. ⅷ૮ᶾഞཪᤊંў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ὢ⺲↯ᤎўᆚϮ આᶢࢆ↮ᆺ, ૮ῲ⒢`ὦ⮷ἲᓪഺᶾંே՚ᕲᓢં૮ ϮᏮ↿ఊ↮ᷛᶾў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆᫊↯ᤎўᆚϮϾⵎϮ ઓἲᓢ⃪ᷚӎὶἺ. - ኖ⸃2ંў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪ2Њᤒ♆ⵆӎצṦἻ·ቢ·ேἮצ ૮၊Ἆ↮ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ⷲᾚ17ЊἻ·ቢ·ேᶾᤊῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ὢ⺲⓺1~3ேᶾў῾⹂ ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њ, Ծ⹂ே, Ả 1~3ேᶾў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤪ⤞1Њᅪ ᤒ♆ⵆંᐗᴶὲ. · ὢഺ↯ᤎўᆚં1,672Ꮶ⤞, ᨆં1,435Ꮶ⤞, ᘲᨆં1,818Ꮶ ⤞၊ࢆ⢮. ὢᨆ♆ંⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚᓢḒ⽶ဒୂϾ ⵖ. ὢંᵌᤊᶦೝὢᢚီӮᆚ૮Ꮾ↿↮ᷛᶾў῾ᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ ♆ⵆᷮ؞ഺጦὲ. ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛҫẞў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆Њᨆࢆ ᒂỲϮ ⵊఎᨆὶἺ. - ⫺⃪ҫẞᶾலᤒ♆ⵆୂཪல2Њ லў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᆺἲᤒ ♆ⵎᨆὶἺ. ⪧⽶, ⫺⃪᫊ҫẞⷲᾚἻ·ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚᓢḒ ⽶ဒў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ὢ⺲ўᆚϮϾⵆӎὶં῾ᶾᤊ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᏮ↿↮ᷛἲἪ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆⃪᫊ Ꮺתⵆཫὢ⡚Ѻࢆ⢮ࢆ↮ᴸἲᨆὶં῾ἲᓢ⃪ᷚӎὶ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ يܳ (1) ኖ⸃ ⃪᫊ᷚંᵌᤊᶦೝὢ૮⒢Ϯ18Ϯ՚၊ࣶጢ`ᶢႺᫎ ႞ὢ࢜Ἲ. ഺጦᶾᓢӎᤊᶾᤊῲᐆ`ὦᨆ♆ᅪ ᫊ⵆآⵆ↮ᆺ, ⵢᤋ ᶾἎⵎⴲẂϮὶἺ. ⃪᫊ᷚ - ⃪᫊ᷚંॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᆺᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃1ἮⷲᾚḮЇὢ2ЊպᷛἪ၊՚ᕲఊպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᐗᴶὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં⃪᫊ᷚἻ·ቢ·ேᨆᅪӎဒⵆᷚ3Њպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. ⃪᫊ᷚંἻ·ቢ·ேἲў῾⹂ⵆ↮ᴸ ؞ഺጦᶾў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ ᅪᒲல၊ᢢ⮢ᓢ↲ᴸἺ. ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽ ᩍᵝᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ⷛ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᜅ▽ ⩥ᰍℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ᩍᵝᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת ᴲ྆<ⱊ16>Ἦ⃪᫊᫊ᷚⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯת, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯתἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ⷲᾚ᫊⒛Ӫўᆚં9,484Ꮶ⤞ὢ, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫўᆚ᫊ᷛ9⢒၊Ϯ आંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢆॻ⓺↮ᷛתὢ૧⽶࢜ἺἲᴺᨆὶἺ. ኖ⸃1ҫẞⷲᾚḮЇἮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚Ỳཪં῾ᶾᤊתὢ࢜ ᴲ↮آἪࢆ⡞⺖ӪંᶴἺ. ᐆቢ, ኖ⸃2ҫẞ╊ўᆚ၊☏ ἲഺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊תὢ4⢚ ၊૮၊࢜ᴲ↮ંתᶾЊᤎὢὶંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ يܳ (1) ኖ⸃ ⃪᫊ᷚંᵌᤊᶦೝὢ૮⒢Ϯ18Ϯ՚၊ࣶጢ`ᶢႺᫎ ႞ὢ࢜Ἲ. ഺጦᶾᓢӎᤊᶾᤊῲᐆ`ὦᨆ♆ᅪ ᫊ⵆآⵆ↮ᆺ, ⵢᤋ ᶾἎⵎⴲẂϮὶἺ. ⃪᫊ᷚ - ⃪᫊ᷚંॻ⓺↮ᷛἪ၊ᤊ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞ᆺᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. - ኖ⸃1ἮⷲᾚḮЇὢ2ЊպᷛἪ၊՚ᕲఊպᷛᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᐗᴶὲ. - ኖ⸃2ં⃪᫊ᷚἻ·ቢ·ேᨆᅪӎဒⵆᷚ3Њպᷛᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆંኖ⸃ὲ. ⃪᫊ᷚંἻ·ቢ·ேἲў῾⹂ⵆ↮ᴸ ؞ഺጦᶾў῾⹂ఊἻ·ቢ·ேӪўᆚ ᅪᒲல၊ᢢ⮢ᓢ↲ᴸἺ. ༉⩶⩥օ✙ᬭⓍ❡݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ༉⩶ᮮⰒ໕Ⱂ࠺_}݉᭥ಽÑᱱ⪵ࡽ ᵝၝᖝ░ᖅ⊹ ↽݉Ñญ༉⩶ ⢽ ᩍᵝᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵༉⩶ Ⳕ ᇥᕾđŝ ⷛ⧎༊ Ñญ .FUFS ⩥ᰍᜅ▽ ⩥ᰍℎ ᔍಡšญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⷛ⩥ᰍօ✙ᬭⓍ❡ŝ᮹Ñญⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᵝၝᖝ░ ⨩ቭ⪵ᯕ⬥ ᔍಡšญᕽእᜅ ᱲɝᖒ ༉⩶ օ✙ᬭⓍ݉᭥ᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ༉⩶ ↽݉Ñญᖝ░᪡᮹Ñญ ⷛ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ᔍಡᙹ ᱥℕ ᙹɪ እᙹɪ ⢽ ᩍᵝᔍಡšญᕽእᜅᱲɝᖒ ݉᭥ .FUFS (2) ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ת ᴲ྆<ⱊ16>Ἦ⃪᫊᫊ᷚⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯת, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒Ḯתἲ ᫊ⵊѱὲ. ⷲᾚ᫊⒛Ӫўᆚં9,484Ꮶ⤞ὢ, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ӫўᆚ᫊ᷛ9⢒၊Ϯ आંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢆॻ⓺↮ᷛתὢ૧⽶࢜ἺἲᴺᨆὶἺ. ኖ⸃1ҫẞⷲᾚḮЇἮऒ⪦Ẻ⡚Ỳཪં῾ᶾᤊתὢ࢜ ᴲ↮آἪࢆ⡞⺖ӪંᶴἺ. ᐆቢ, ኖ⸃2ҫẞ╊ўᆚ၊☏ ἲഺ, ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊תὢ4⢚ ၊૮၊࢜ᴲ↮ંתᶾЊᤎὢὶંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ էߨ ᓦᷞ՚ં╊תᵇ ᕮᶾᤊ▂↲ⵆӎὶં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲Ӫ ᶾᤊ⃪ᏪתἲѮ⦎ⵆ؞Ỳⵢ↲ఖ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂3Ϯ↮ኖ⸃ᶾᤊ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲ Ṧⵆӎંኖా ў῾⹂ఊỲᶾᤊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶳጢ⸧Ἦ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếᶳጢᅪᨆⵆ ல။ⵆӎὶἺ. ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᶾὶᶢ⃪ᏪתἲѮ⦎ⵆંѱὢጢᶵᓢ Ẃⵖ. - ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ંҫ؞லࢢ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺⃪, ⃪ᷚᅪἪ၊ ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵎҫẞ⃪Ꮺתὢᶪᆶࢆ࢜ᴲ↮ં↮צ ᨆ⃮ὢᶪᆶὦ↮ᅪ⫺ᴳⵆӎⵖ. - ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵢ4Њ᫊ᢚီӮᆚ૮ḮᢚီӮ ᆚᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯ(᫊·՞⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮), ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎ ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆᷮἺ. ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆં؞Ӯ, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᅪᢢ⮢ᓢ ቢ, ல᫊ϮϮᾓ⇕ӎ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛὢϮᾓآѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮. ⳕ đು - ᢚီӮᆚḮӮဖⵢᤊᓪഺ, ՚ᆚḮЇἮல᫊ҫẞᶾல↯ᤎўᆚ ӎ᫊⒛Ӫў♆Ϯ1⢚၊Ϯआӎ⫺⃪ં7⢚၊ᶾἏᐃⵆં⹗ὲ. ҫ ؞லҫẞצࢆᆶጢⵊᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἲᤒ♆ⵢᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ ૮ⵊתἲЊᤎⵆӎὶἺ. צᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ↯ᤎўᆚϮϾⵆ ં⯛ὢ⡚↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚᅪᓢቢ, ல᫊↮ᷛἮ1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯఆ↮ᴸંᐆ ቢ, ⃪ᷚࢆ⫺⃪ḮЇὢॻ⓺↮ᷛὢӣⵆંҫẞ2⢚၊ லఆંѱ Ἢ၊ࢆ⢮. ՚ᆚࢆᴶ ᢞҫẞᶾંேὪⵊல᫊↮ᷛὢཪⵢலே⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ḮўᆚϮ150Ꮶ⤞ ல␖ὢϮὶંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ኖ⸃Ἦ2Ϯ↮၊ᤒҲⵖ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᐗᴶὲ. ኖ⸃2 ંἻ·ቢ·ே3~4ЊỲ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆(╊ўᆚኖ⸃)ὲ. - ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊתἮ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ ૧⽶Њᤎఆં⹗ὲἲᴺᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞ᫊, ⫺⃪᫊, ⃪᫊ᷚҫẞᶾ ல↯ᤎўᆚϮῶᐆᨆ⃮Ἢ၊⇕ᴲ↮ӎὶἺ. - ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾ૮ⵊתἮ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆϮ`ᶢ↲ં῾ᶾᤊ ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. צᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ՚ᆚ᫊ҫẞ150Ꮶ⤞ ல ↯ᤎўᆚϮ↋૮ⵆӎᨆҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊં῾ᶾᤊ8Њ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊᨆⵆંᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њў῾ᤪ⤞၊ὢῲⵎഺ⡚Ѻ תὢ࢜ᴲ↲ӎᓢآᶢဒẮ. ᐆቢ, ᴶᢞӪЇἮல᫊↮ᷛἮў῾ ᤪ⤞ᨆᅪୂઆὢંᐗᴶἲӎဒⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. - ጢᶵᓢ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮ ↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ⸪ⵗఊኖ⸃ἲᤒ ⵎᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. ὢҫẞᓣ ↮૮Ꮾ↿↮ᷛᶾў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆѺఎҫẞ⮷`Ἢ ၊⃪Ꮺתὢ࢜ᴲ↮ં லં⡚↮ᴸἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ էߨ ᓦᷞ՚ં╊תᵇ ᕮᶾᤊ▂↲ⵆӎὶં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂▂↲Ӫ ᶾᤊ⃪ᏪתἲѮ⦎ⵆ؞Ỳⵢ↲ఖ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂3Ϯ↮ኖ⸃ᶾᤊ؞ઓᓢЃ⸃ἲ Ṧⵆӎંኖా ў῾⹂ఊỲᶾᤊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶳጢ⸧Ἦ⽚ᇋᓣ↮↮Ếᶳጢᅪᨆⵆ ல။ⵆӎὶἺ. ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᶾὶᶢ⃪ᏪתἲѮ⦎ⵆંѱὢጢᶵᓢ Ẃⵖ. - ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊᓦᷞ՚ંҫ؞லࢢ՚ᆚ, ᴶᢞ, ⫺⃪, ⃪ᷚᅪἪ၊ ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵎҫẞ⃪Ꮺתὢᶪᆶࢆ࢜ᴲ↮ં↮צ ᨆ⃮ὢᶪᆶὦ↮ᅪ⫺ᴳⵆӎⵖ. - ὢᅪỲⵢQ-GIS Ⳳ၊צྖἲ⹊ẗⵢ4Њ᫊ᢚီӮᆚ૮ḮᢚီӮ ᆚᤊᘲ᪒ ӣ؞Ӯ(᫊·՞⒛, ऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮), ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎ ўᆚᅪ☏ ⵆᷮἺ. ⷲᾚᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆં؞Ӯ, ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞Ḯ↯ᤎўᆚᅪᢢ⮢ᓢ ቢ, ல᫊ϮϮᾓ⇕ӎ, ॻ⓺↮ᷛὢϮᾓآѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮. ⳕ đು - ᢚီӮᆚḮӮဖⵢᤊᓪഺ, ՚ᆚḮЇἮல᫊ҫẞᶾல↯ᤎўᆚ ӎ᫊⒛Ӫў♆Ϯ1⢚၊Ϯआӎ⫺⃪ં7⢚၊ᶾἏᐃⵆં⹗ὲ. ҫ ؞லҫẞצࢆᆶጢⵊᓲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮ἲᤒ♆ⵢᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ ૮ⵊתἲЊᤎⵆӎὶἺ. צᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ↯ᤎўᆚϮϾⵆ ં⯛ὢ⡚↮ᴸἺ. - Ἳ·ቢ·ேӪ↯ᤎўᆚᅪᓢቢ, ல᫊↮ᷛἮ1⢚၊Ꮶ⤞Ϯఆ↮ᴸંᐆ ቢ, ⃪ᷚࢆ⫺⃪ḮЇὢॻ⓺↮ᷛὢӣⵆંҫẞ2⢚၊ லఆંѱ Ἢ၊ࢆ⢮. ՚ᆚࢆᴶ ᢞҫẞᶾંேὪⵊல᫊↮ᷛὢཪⵢலே⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ḮўᆚϮ150Ꮶ⤞ ல␖ὢϮὶંѱἪ၊ࢆ⢮ࢆӎὶἺ. ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ኖ⸃Ἦ2Ϯ↮၊ᤒҲⵖ. - ኖ⸃1Ἦⷲऒ⪦Ẻ⡚⫮Ỳ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ᐗᴶὲ. ኖ⸃2 ંἻ·ቢ·ே3~4ЊỲ၊ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆(╊ўᆚኖ⸃)ὲ. - ῲᐆ`Ἢ၊ᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊתἮ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ὢ⺲ ૧⽶Њᤎఆં⹗ὲἲᴺᨆὶἺ. ᴶᢞ᫊, ⫺⃪᫊, ⃪᫊ᷚҫẞᶾ ல↯ᤎўᆚϮῶᐆᨆ⃮Ἢ၊⇕ᴲ↮ӎὶἺ. - ў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾ૮ⵊתἮ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᨆϮ`ᶢ↲ં῾ᶾᤊ ࢜ᴲ↶ᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. צᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, ՚ᆚ᫊ҫẞ150Ꮶ⤞ ல ↯ᤎўᆚϮ↋૮ⵆӎᨆҫẞ69Ꮶ⤞↋૮ⵊં῾ᶾᤊ8Њ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊᨆⵆંᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ3Њў῾ᤪ⤞၊ὢῲⵎഺ⡚Ѻ תὢ࢜ᴲ↲ӎᓢآᶢဒẮ. ᐆቢ, ᴶᢞӪЇἮல᫊↮ᷛἮў῾ ᤪ⤞ᨆᅪୂઆὢંᐗᴶἲӎဒⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. - ጢᶵᓢ⫺⃪᫊ḮЇἮலॻᓣⵗ↮ᷛἮў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞, ⽚ᇋᓣ↮ ↮Ếպᷛᤪ⤞Ϯ⸪ⵗఊኖ⸃ἲᤒ ⵎᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. ὢҫẞᓣ ↮૮Ꮾ↿↮ᷛᶾў῾⹂ఊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᅪᤒ♆ⵆѺఎҫẞ⮷`Ἢ ၊⃪Ꮺתὢ࢜ᴲ↮ં லં⡚↮ᴸἺ.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἦⵊ՛ᓣ↮՛ϮᐊῲẂⵊӪ ⵆࢆཪⵎᨆὶἺ. צேᴶᷚ࿚␖ီῲ⒢ҲӮဖⷆὢ↲ఆᶶ ӎ, ╊תὢჲ↮ં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂᫊ᷛẂⵊῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ⵊ⼾ ᅲὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ḮӮဖఊᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᾯ῾ӪⵊҲᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, Ẃ ⵊѱἮў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⁞↯ⴲẂὲ. - ᤊẦӪЇἮ૮ல᫊՚Ỳ၊ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪῲⵎҫẞᶾં՚ᶾ ᤊὢჲ↮ંᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊתὢঀἲᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. צ ࿚ࢆᤊẦἲᒅᶢࢊ᫊·՞⪧⽶, ҫ؞லҫẞ᫊·՞⒛ᶾᤒ♆ఊ⽚ᇋ ᓣ↮↮ẾᆺἪ၊ં⦣ⵗ`ὢӎᇌ▒⸃ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᐉંⵊҲϮὶ؞ ഺጦὲ. - ⵊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊ૮ᶾѺᇌ▒⸃ᓢῲጦ`ὢӎலظἮ ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣጢẾ↶லẂ ⵆ↮ᆺ, ጢᶵᓢலӮဖఊὪဖᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶંኖᅪ⹃ ᓢⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᐞ♆ఊ1~3ታᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣጢẾὢ ᤊ၊᩶⭪ᘲῲἲ⃪ӎ⦣ⵗ`ὦᢚီӮᆚᅪ↲ⵆંѱἮᢚᶢ ဒẮ. ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᨆϮࣶጢᆼᴲᤊῲ⯛`ὦὦẾ▗ẾலᶢဒẢ ⹗ὲ. - ѺϮἻ·ቢ·ேἮᓣ↮ើᆺᴲશཪᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᓣⵗ`ὦᏪẾᶳጢᅪ⒆ ᆚⵆӎ↮ᷛᢚᢚᅪᨆⵆંӡὲ. ഺጦᶾἻ·ቢ·ேἮᆶ♆ᘂ྇⸮ ⒆ὦဓἮઆᶢࢆ↮ᆺצ⺖ӪϮ⡚Ѻࢆ⢮ࢆ↮ᴸં⹗ὲ. - ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊ⃪ᏪתὢϯⵆѺ⻪ఆ↮ᴸંᤎᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ંኖҫ ⷲἲ⦣ⵢᓢῲጦ`ὢӎ⦣ⵗ` ὦᤊᘲ᪒ ӣὢϮઓⵊ՚⁞ᅪᆶဖⵆંѱὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ጢᶵᓢ ⦣ⵗ⁞ᢚᅪᘲၝⵊϯᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ⦣ⵗ`Ἢ၊Ӯᆚⵆંᓢ ᐊῲ`ὦῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἢ၊ࢆ϶ᨆὶં؞⪮ἲᆶဖⵆંѱὲ. ₙŁྙ⨭ < ₙŁྙ⨭ > Ѓ⸊Ṧ ⷤ↮ᐗ♆⒢ᓣ↮ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ᐗᴶᷞ՚ⷥⵊ՛ᓢѢᢚᷞ՚Ế Ѓ⸊(1998). “ⵊ՛ӣӣᓣ↮ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ⷆӪᕲᤋ-ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢᅪ Ἢ၊”. ᷞᤦᢚᓣ↮ᷞ՚(5). 1~36. ՛ጢ⁞ · ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ(2013.9.10). “ᓢலႺ-ᇌ▒⸃ᓣ↮ῲ⒢Ҳ՚▃ᐗᴶ”. خጦת(2005). ᫎᾓᵎὦᢚᓣ֮؞ᤒתӪὢẗᶾӮⵊᷞ՚ ᤊẦ૮ⵇԾ ᤋᢚⵇỲ४ጦ. خᷯ(2010). ᢚᓣ↮ ᤊẦ: ⵇ↮ᢚ. லἎ။(2010). ᤊᘲ᪒תὢҞ⸪ὢ⃪ᷚጦ⹂Ϯ ↮Ếᤪ⤞ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ᆺ ᶾᏦ♆ંᷯⶓ , ᤊẦ૮ⵇԾ૮ⵇẾᤋᢚⵇỲ४ጦ. ᐟⵇᷯ ἒᏪᤋ(2007). “ᤊᘲ᪒תὢ०ὦᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẂᶾᏦ♆ંᷯⶓ”. ⵊ՛ᢚᓣ↮ⵇ2007लலᤦҲⵇᨎ૮Ⴚ↿. 219-225. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ(2012). 2012 ᢚᓣ↮⦣ⵗᶳጢᴶࢢ . ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ. ἮᏦṦ(2012). ӣӣᓣ↮ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ᷞ՚ . ҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ. ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ↮ல၊ᓢંҫ؞லἻቢேᓣ↮ẃ՚ . ҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ. ὢ؞Ṧ. 1995. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢኖ⸃Њᐊᏽ1␖लலẢᷯ⮷Ϯ . ⵊ՛ᓢѢᢚᷞ՚Ế. ὢᾚḲ ⶶᤎ(2000). “ᓢἏᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⒢ҲᐊῲᐗᴶᶾӮⵊᷞ՚”. ⵊ՛ᷯἎ ᴲᓢἏⵇ 21, 183-203. ὦئ(1992). “ᤊẦ᫊ࢢӮӿ↮ᾓᵎὦת⹃ᓢᅪỲⵊ⮦᫊ᤒᶾӮⵊᷞ ՚”. ૮ⵇѢ▃ⵗ४ጦ↿ , 22(7), 3-10. ⁞૮ⶺ ᫎ ᷫ خЃᷯ ὢѢⵇ(2010). “ॻ⓺↮ᷛӣӣᓢѢᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊӣϲ `תᕲᤋ”. ⵊ՛↮ᷛ↮ᆚⵇ↮ 16(2), 137-153.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἦⵊ՛ᓣ↮՛ϮᐊῲẂⵊӪ ⵆࢆཪⵎᨆὶἺ. צேᴶᷚ࿚␖ီῲ⒢ҲӮဖⷆὢ↲ఆᶶ ӎ, ╊תὢჲ↮ં⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂᫊ᷛẂⵊῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ⵊ⼾ ᅲὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. - ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ⶶᗺ⹂ḮӮဖఊᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᾯ῾ӪⵊҲᶾலᕶ՚ⵆӎ, Ẃ ⵊѱἮў῾⹂ఊᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⁞↯ⴲẂὲ. - ᤊẦӪЇἮ૮ல᫊՚Ỳ၊ᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪῲⵎҫẞᶾં՚ᶾ ᤊὢჲ↮ંᢚီӮᆚᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊתὢঀἲᨆᐄᶾᶴἺ. צ ࿚ࢆᤊẦἲᒅᶢࢊ᫊·՞⪧⽶, ҫ؞லҫẞ᫊·՞⒛ᶾᤒ♆ఊ⽚ᇋ ᓣ↮↮ẾᆺἪ၊ં⦣ⵗ`ὢӎᇌ▒⸃ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪᐉંⵊҲϮὶ؞ ഺጦὲ. - ⵊ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᤊ૮ᶾѺᇌ▒⸃ᓢῲጦ`ὢӎலظἮ ᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵆ؞Ỳⵢᤊં⃪ Ꮺᤪ⤞ᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣጢẾ↶லẂ ⵆ↮ᆺ, ጢᶵᓢலӮဖఊὪဖᤊᘲ᪒ᅪ ӣⵎᨆὶંኖᅪ⹃ ᓢⵆંѱὢⴲẂⵖ. ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᶾᐞ♆ఊ1~3ታᓣ↮ૢ૧ӣጢẾὢ ᤊ၊᩶⭪ᘲῲἲ⃪ӎ⦣ⵗ`ὦᢚီӮᆚᅪ↲ⵆંѱἮᢚᶢ ဒẮ. ⵊἻ·ቢ·ேᨆϮࣶጢᆼᴲᤊῲ⯛`ὦὦẾ▗ẾலᶢဒẢ ⹗ὲ. - ѺϮἻ·ቢ·ேἮᓣ↮ើᆺᴲશཪᷚ࿚Ϯ↮ᓣⵗ`ὦᏪẾᶳጢᅪ⒆ ᆚⵆӎ↮ᷛᢚᢚᅪᨆⵆંӡὲ. ഺጦᶾἻ·ቢ·ேἮᆶ♆ᘂ྇⸮ ⒆ὦဓἮઆᶢࢆ↮ᆺצ⺖ӪϮ⡚Ѻࢆ⢮ࢆ↮ᴸં⹗ὲ. - ὢ☏ቢᶾᤊ⃪ᏪתὢϯⵆѺ⻪ఆ↮ᴸંᤎᶾᤊў῾⹂ఊ ⃪Ꮺᤪ⤞ᤒ♆ંኖҫ ⷲἲ⦣ⵢᓢῲጦ`ὢӎ⦣ⵗ` ὦᤊᘲ᪒ ӣὢϮઓⵊ՚⁞ᅪᆶဖⵆંѱὢཪⵎᨆὶἺ. ጢᶵᓢ ⦣ⵗ⁞ᢚᅪᘲၝⵊϯᓣ↮ᶳጢᅪ⦣ⵗ`Ἢ၊Ӯᆚⵆંᓢ ᐊῲ`ὦῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦Ἢ၊ࢆ϶ᨆὶં؞⪮ἲᆶဖⵆંѱὲ. ₙŁྙ⨭ < ₙŁྙ⨭ > Ѓ⸊Ṧ ⷤ↮ᐗ♆⒢ᓣ↮ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ᐗᴶᷞ՚ⷥⵊ՛ᓢѢᢚᷞ՚Ế Ѓ⸊(1998). “ⵊ՛ӣӣᓣ↮ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ⷆӪᕲᤋ-ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢᅪ Ἢ၊”. ᷞᤦᢚᓣ↮ᷞ՚(5). 1~36. ՛ጢ⁞ · ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ(2013.9.10). “ᓢலႺ-ᇌ▒⸃ᓣ↮ῲ⒢Ҳ՚▃ᐗᴶ”. خጦת(2005). ᫎᾓᵎὦᢚᓣ֮؞ᤒתӪὢẗᶾӮⵊᷞ՚ ᤊẦ૮ⵇԾ ᤋᢚⵇỲ४ጦ. خᷯ(2010). ᢚᓣ↮ ᤊẦ: ⵇ↮ᢚ. லἎ။(2010). ᤊᘲ᪒תὢҞ⸪ὢ⃪ᷚጦ⹂Ϯ ↮Ếᤪ⤞ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗ ᆺ ᶾᏦ♆ંᷯⶓ , ᤊẦ૮ⵇԾ૮ⵇẾᤋᢚⵇỲ४ጦ. ᐟⵇᷯ ἒᏪᤋ(2007). “ᤊᘲ᪒תὢ०ὦᓣ↮ᤊᘲ᪒ὢẂᶾᏦ♆ંᷯⶓ”. ⵊ՛ᢚᓣ↮ⵇ2007लலᤦҲⵇᨎ૮Ⴚ↿. 219-225. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ(2012). 2012 ᢚᓣ↮⦣ⵗᶳጢᴶࢢ . ᓢѢᓣ↮ᕮ. ἮᏦṦ(2012). ӣӣᓣ↮ῲ⒢ҲЊ⮦ᷞ՚ . ҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ. ἮᏦ·ᐟᏪ⽚(2013). ↮ல၊ᓢંҫ؞லἻቢேᓣ↮ẃ՚ . ҫ؞ᓣ↮ᾚ. ὢ؞Ṧ. 1995. ᓢѢᓣ↮ᢚጢኖ⸃Њᐊᏽ1␖लலẢᷯ⮷Ϯ . ⵊ՛ᓢѢᢚᷞ՚Ế. ὢᾚḲ ⶶᤎ(2000). “ᓢἏᤊᘲ᪒ῲ⒢ҲᐊῲᐗᴶᶾӮⵊᷞ՚”. ⵊ՛ᷯἎ ᴲᓢἏⵇ 21, 183-203. ὦئ(1992). “ᤊẦ᫊ࢢӮӿ↮ᾓᵎὦת⹃ᓢᅪỲⵊ⮦᫊ᤒᶾӮⵊᷞ ՚”. ૮ⵇѢ▃ⵗ४ጦ↿ , 22(7), 3-10. ⁞૮ⶺ ᫎ ᷫ خЃᷯ ὢѢⵇ(2010). “ॻ⓺↮ᷛӣӣᓢѢᤊᘲ᪒ᶾ૮ⵊӣϲ `תᕲᤋ”. ⵊ՛↮ᷛ↮ᆚⵇ↮ 16(2), 137-153.
ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱ ෙ ᱲɝᖒ ᩑǍ ╊ᷯ(2010). “ᓢἏᤊᘲ᪒ὢẗᕮኖᓢἏתᆺ லᏽᤊᘲ᪒ẃ՚ᘲԾᷞ ՚: ᤊẦ⪧ᒲ᫊ᅪἪ၊”. ⵊ՛ᷯἎᴲᓢἏⵇ , 10(1), 73-98. ⸻ⷲᏦཪ(2008). “ᢚᓣ↮᫊ᤒӣϲתᶾӮⵊ↋ᷞ՚: ўᆚ☏ Ӫ᫊ϲў ᆚ☏ ᶾ૮ⵊᘲԾᕲᤋ”. ᢚᓣ↮ᷞ՚ , 37, 35-62. Guagliardo, M.F. 2004. "Spatial accessibility of primary care: Concepts, methods and challenges". International Journal of Health Geographics, 3(3). http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/3/1/3. Guagliardo, M.F., Ronzio, D.R., Cheung, K., Chacko, E. & Joseph, J.G. (2004). "Physician accessbility: An urban case study of pediatric providers", Health & Place, 10(3), 273-283. Kim, H. (2005). "A GIS-based analysis of spatial patterns of individual accessibility: A critical examination of spatial accessibility". Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 40(5), 514-532. Mobley, L. (1998). "Effects of selective contracting on hospital efficiency, costs and accessibility". Health Economics Health Econ, 7, 1998. Niemeier, D. A.(1997). "Accessibility: An evaluation using consumer welfare". Transportation, 24. 377-396. Penchansky, R. & Thomas, J. W. (1981). The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Medical Care, 19(2), 127-140. Ğʑᅖḡᰍ݉((8'3&1035⾉ ᵝၝᖝ░⨩ቭ⪵ᨱෙᱲɝᖒᩑǍ Ñᱱ݉᭥᮹ᅖḡᨦྕᙹ⧪ႊᮥᵲᝍᮝಽ ၽ⧪ᯝ ֥ᬵ ၽ⧪ᯙ ᯙĞᕾ ၽ⧪ Ğʑᅖḡᰍ݉ Ğʑࠥᙹᬱ❵ݍǍᯙĥಽ뿸G 5FM'BY )PNFQBHFXXXHHXGPSLS